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Nomadic Jumanos lived in skin tee 

pees,while the un-nomadic Jumanos 

lived in permanent houses made of 

adobe bricks, and lived in close knit 

villages. The housing material usually 

varied according to the climate and 

natural resources.

The Jumanos were in western Texas 

from AD 1500 to the mid 1700's when 

they were driven out of their land by 

their enemies, the Apache Indians. It is 

believed that the rest of the Jumano 

survived in   small bands and later 

joined other Native American tribes.

The Jumano were hunter-gatherers, and they 

traded whatever they gathered for buffalo 

hides and meat. They were also adequate 

farmers, so the un-nomadic Jumanos farmed 

for food to trade and to eat. The nomadic 

Jumanos were the ones that hunted buffalo, 

and they lived in temporary shelters made 

from animal hides or grass. When the 

Spaniards came the Jumano welcomed them 

openly, unlike many other Native American 

tribes, who were in fear of the slavers. The 

Jumano also tattooed or painted striped lines 

across their faces. (continued on next page)

In some villages the housings were built around a 

central plaza. Normally about 30 to 40 people lived 

in a single house, which were often painted with 

black, red, white, and yellow stripes around the 

inside. The Jumano that hunted used bows and 

arrows to hunt the buffalo. In war, the Jumano 

used large, heavy clubs and shield made from 

hides. The Jumano were also masters at making 

items from animal hides, such as clothing and 

shoes. The Jumano also made jewelry from 

precious materials such as copper, coral and 

turquoise. The Jumano near the Rio Grande lived in 

big villages.

Adobe bricks (the material 

used to make permanent 

houses) were made by drying 

clay mud in the sun.

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