INDICE

ENGLISH 

1. Introduction 

2. Cultural knowledge 

3. Living conditions

4. Organization of the tribe 

5. Cultural knowledge

Cultural diversity 

Cultural diversity is the harmonious and respectful coexistence of human groups coming from different cultural backgrounds, that is to say, from different ethnic, religious, linguistic and social backgrounds; it consists of understanding humanity as a vast array of cultures, each endowed with a historical context and a valuable tradition. This means not valuing some over others, nor claiming that some are more "advanced" and others more "backward", but simply different.

On the other hand, the cultural diversity of humanity brings us great benefits, such as the possibility of an exchange of knowledge and worldviews. 

Importance of cultural diversity 

Cultural diversity is important because in our countries, workplaces and schools there are more and more groups of different cultures, races and ethnicities. And we can learn from each other, but first we have to understand each other. Learning about other cultures helps us understand different perspectives of the world we live in.

It also helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal prejudices about different groups. In addition, cultural diversity helps us to recognize and respect "ways of being" that are not necessarily like our own. 

Audiobooks are of great importance because they open ways for learning to occur through different media and not only through textual reading, activate the use of other senses during the didactic process and provide more dimensions, facilitate the socialization process, promote empathy and help develop listening skills.

Importance of this audiobook

THE MOST FAMOUS AND ANCIENT CULTURES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

Some of the most famous and ancient tribes in the United States are the Apache, Sioux, Cherokee and Cheyenne, but there were many others, such as the Arapaho and Navajo. In Canada, on the other hand, indigenous peoples are collectively known as Aboriginal peoples. Canada recognizes three groups of Aboriginal peoples: Indians, Inuit and Métis.

The known official record of Cheyenne dates from the mid-17th century, once a Cheyenne ensemble happened to see Fort Crevecoeur, around present-day Chicago. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Cheyenne moved from the Giant Lakes territory to what is now Minnesota and North Dakota and established villages. Foremost among these old villages is that of Biesterfeldt (Biesterfeldt Village), in the eastern portion of North Dakota around the Cheyenne water flow.

In 1804, the Lewis and Clark expedition saw a Cheyenne village in North Dakota. 

Throughout this period, the Cheyenne also moved to Wyoming, Colorado, and South Dakota.

Where they come from

Location

Today the northern Cheyenne live in southeastern Montana, on a reservation of their own. The southern Cheyenne, along with the southern Arapajo, live in central Oklahoma. Their combined total population is about 20,900 people

The Cheyennes, as well as those from Oklahoma and Montana, spoke and speak the Cheyenne language. It should be noted that between the two communities some differences could be found between the vocabularies.This language is part of the Algonquian languages, which are part of the Algic family. Considering in this way that it has a complicated binder morphology.As for the phonology of this language, it is very simple, since it only stores three vowels, of which it has three tonal accents.The spelling has 14 letters, which consists of a spelling system that is used to give proper pronunciation. It should be noted that this language will represent the people who participate in a sentence with affixes and not with pronouns.

Native language

They had a nomadic lifestyle, based on bison hunting. The fact that they had horses included the fact that they were considered one of the most important tribes in their environment. The women cultivated and gathered roots, berries and plants, tanning and dressing skins for clothing, shelter and other uses; they made cottages and other implements.

How they  lived

Their houses were circular huts of earth, mud or wood, of approximately 12 to 18 meters in diameter, these were grouped in villages surrounded by moats and stakes. They also built "tipi", a conical tent made of animal skins, such as bison, and wooden poles. The women were in charge of making them. They were dismountable and could be packed and placed in the new place of destination; as we can see, their architecture was developed in a practical way.

What their houses were like

Women wore leather dresses throughout the day, and skirts with leggings. Women wore tunics when in public, and their footwear was soft loafers and leather boots. The women of the Cheyenne Tribes for colder climates, used animal leather capes.

Women's clothing

Men's clothing

The men of this culture used to wear loincloths.The loincloth consisted of a leather strap attached to a covered belt at the front and back.For colder climates they added pants, in which the use of shirts was barely visible.

Clothing adornments

The Indians of the Cheyenne culture are recognized by their clothing, adorned with feathers and pearls.
Their typical footwear was leather boots, sometimes decorated with different types of pearls.

The Cheyenne culture was a farming tribe, with corn being one of the main plants they grew, in addition to beans, squash, and quenopodium or epazote.

What did they eat?

They were hunters of buffalo, bear, turkey, deer, elk and gatherers of wild rice. They were known as the horse culture, so their life also revolved around raising horses.

How they obtained their food

The Cheyenne tribe used tools and weapons that they created from materials in the environment. Sometimes they made objects from wood, stone and bone or animal sinew.To hunt, the Cheyenne used sticks, known as atlatl, which they hurled with deadly force at their prey. Later, they made bows from wood and ropes from animal sinew. Arrows, spears and harpoons had flattened stone tips sharpened like spearheads, using deer antlers to sharpen them. They also used darts and possessed nets made of hemp or plant leaves to catch small persians or waterfowl.For fishing, they used a variety of spears, harpoons and multi-pronged hooks attached to the fishing mat.

Tools to obtain food

The Cheyenne culture was a farming tribe, and corn was one of the main plants they cultivated, providing interesting amounts of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and iron, they also ate beans which are rich in vegetable protein, fiber, B vitamins, iron, folic acid and many other foods that provided a large amount of nutrients to the body.

Food nutrients

The Cheyenne had a social organization made up of four groups: The notxestoz, which was the military society; the manhao, the sacred band; the vestoz; and the manhastoz. They formed military societies that were hierarchical according to age. The structure of the society was composed of military led by prominent warriors, they also had a legal justice system, known as the Council of Forty-Four peace chiefs.In addition to these there was a group of four men who were in charge of deliberating at tribal meetings, this system, in addition to regulating Cheyenne military societies, was also in charge of planning wars, enforcing laws and performing ceremonies. The people saw the warriors as leaders, protectors and providers.

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

They had a nomadic lifestyle, based on bison hunting. The fact that they had horses included the fact that they were considered one of the most important tribes in their environment. The women cultivated and gathered roots, berries and plants, tanning and dressing skins for clothing, shelter and other uses; and this led to the fact that one of their major economic sources was based on barter and exchange with people from other tribes, they exchanged products from the land, meat from the animals they hunted and even blankets

ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION

Both the Cheyenne and the Great Plains tribes believed in the Great Spirit, which they called Manitou. And the name they used to address the Supreme Being was "Maheo". They believed in animism, meaning that for them all things in nature: mountains, animals, trees, rivers, rocks and even the universe had a soul or spirit. Also within their religion, we can find certain factors that evoke totemism; a type of belief, generally developed by the ethnic groups of North America.Their ways of practicing their beliefs are the use of plants to introduce altered states of consciousness or spiritual, rituals or special dances.In these rituals, sacrifices to animals, forests, mountains, etc. are proposed. The ceremony of "Massuam" or "feast of the earth" asked for good health and long life. The sacred buffalo hat and the sacred arrows are part of the covenants of the Cheyenne country through which "Maheo" guarantees the blessings and the life of the tribe. They currently believe in the Christian religion

RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION

Their climate varies by month and season, but generally the weather in Montana, where part of the tribe is located, is cold and partly cloudy and rarely very hot. On the other hand, in Oklahoma, where the other part of the tribe is located, the weather is a little warmer, but there are also months when the temperature drops and it is very cold, windy, snowy and cloudy.

CLIMATE

The Cheyenne tribe protects the environment by taking good care of the land and natural resources in their territory. They also help us with the hunting of animals, as this is essential to ensure the presence of a balanced number of animals that is supportable for the ecosystem in which they live. An excess population of one species in a given area is a threat to its natural environment and to other types of wildlife.

How they protect the environment

Part of their customs was to celebrate ceremonial rites to treat different diseases. This included rites for the purification of the man who healed as well as the patient, the sacred pipe was sung and smoked, they took drugs, drank tea, made sacrifices and ate. Group dances were used to ask nature for good luck, some were: the bison dance, the rain dance, the sun dance.

Traditions

With respect to the past and present of the Cheyennes we can see a very evident change and now they live in a better area than the one they had when they first arrived and between them they handle a very well-managed lifestyle. 

CURRENT LIFE

Modo de vida

Antes del siglo XVIII, los cheyenes vivían en el valle superior del río Misisipi. Allí practicaban la agricultura, recolectaban arroz silvestre y fabricaban piezas de alfarería. Más tarde, se mudaron hacia el oeste, al actual territorio de Dakota del Norte. Probablemente, fue allí que consiguieron caballos y cambiaron su estilo de vida. Abandonaron poco a poco sus aldeas en busca de las manadas y dejaron de cultivar.

Con el tiempo, llegaron a ocupar un sector extenso de las Grandes Llanuras. En la década de 1830, muchos cheyenes se mudaron al sur, al actual territorio de Colorado. La tribu se dividió en dos ramas: norte y sur. Los cheyenes del norte mantuvieron su costumbre de mudarse de un lado a otro de las llanuras, mientras que los cheyenes del sur eligieron un estilo de vida más sedentario. 

Tipo de vivienda

Sus casas eran cabañas circulares hechas de tierra, arcilla o madera, de aproximadamente de 12 a 18 metros de diámetro, estas estaban agrupadas en pueblos rodeados de fosos y estacas. También construían “tipi”, tienda cónica hecha con pieles de animales, como el bisonte, y de palos de madera. Las mujeres eran las encargadas de elaborarlas. Eran desmontables y podían empacarse y ubicarse en el nuevo sitio de destino; fueron desarrolladas de una forma muy práctica para su estilo de vida 

Los cheyenes  forman una nación de nativos norteamericanos que habitan las Grandes Llanuras de los Estados Unidos. En la actualidad, los cheyenes del norte viven al sureste de Montana, en una reserva propia. Y los cheyenes del sur, junto con los arapajós del sur, viven en el centro de Oklahoma. Su población total combinada es de unas 20 900 personas.

Ubicación

Los cheyenne tenían una organización social conformada por cuatro grupos: El notxestoz, que era la sociedad militar; El Manhao, la banda sagrada; La vestoz y el manhastoz, . Formaron sociedades militares las cuales estaban jerarquizadas de acuerdo a la edad. La estructura de la sociedad estaba compuesta por militares liderados por guerreros prominentes, también tenían un sistema de justicia legal, conocido como el Consejo de los Cuarenta y Cuatro Jefes de paz.

Organización Social

Economia

La economía de la cultura cheyenne estaba basada en el trueque y en comercializar con personas de otras tribus para obtener mantas y carnes

Productos con los que comercializaban

Los cheyenes son tribus que se manejan con el trueque y comercializacion y entre los productos que mas se comercializaban estaban el maiz, la quinua, la yuca, la batata, el frijol, mani y calabaza

Trabajo

Las mujeres se dedicaban al cultivo y recolectar raíces, bayas y plantas, curtían y vestían pieles para la vestimenta, refugio y para otros usos; fabricaban las casas de campo y otros instrumentos. Se caracterizaban por ser trabajadoras y hábiles en las la artesanía tradicional. Los hombres se dedicaban a la caza de bisontes y a la guerra.

Parte de sus costumbres era celebrar ritos ceremoniales para tratar diferentes enfermedades. Esta incluía ritos para la purificación del hombre, se cantaba y fumaba la pipa sagrada. Las danzas grupales, las utilizaban para pedir buena suerte a la naturaleza, algunas eran: la danza del bisonte, la danza de la lluvia, la danza del sol, tambien esta  la ceremonia “Massuam” o “fiesta de la tierra”en la que piden por la buena salud y larga vida.En estas ceremonias se ofrecen sacrificios a los animales, bosques, montañas, entre otras. 

Otras de sus costumbres era envolver a sus muertos con las pieles de bisonte, lo ponían en un armazón con los pies ubicados hacia el este, cuando este armazón se desintegraba quemaban al difunto, con excepción de la cabeza, que era enterrada. 

Costumbres y tradiciones

Los cheyennes domesticaban algunos animales por ejemplo el caballo o los búfalos y posteriormente a estos los usaban como su alimento para poder sobrevivir, y gracias a está domesticación y alimentación fue que fueron evolucionando sin dejar de la lado la agricultura

Tipos de animales para la crianza

Uno de los animales que más destacó dentro de la tribu de los cheyenes fue el caballo (Equus caballus), los caballos ayudaron a que los cheyenes a que fueran una de las tribus más importantes de las praderas. En otras partes del mundo al caballo se lo conoce como corcel, rocín, penco, trotón, jaco, jamelgo, potro, bayo, ruano, percherón, petiso.

Otros animales presentes en esta cultura eran los animales que cazaban que eran principalmente:

-Búfalos (Bubalus bubalis): se los conoce también como cíbolo o bisonte

-Pavos (Meleagris gallopavo): También conocidos como Cócono o gallo de la tierra, como pípila, guanajo o pisco 

-Alces (Alces alces): también conocido como anta

Por otro lado la cultura cheyenne era una tribu de agricultores, siendo el maíz (Zea mays) una de las principales plantas que cultivaban, en otros lugares se le  conoce también por el nombre de Centli, choclo, jojoto, corn, milho o elote , además también cultivan y comen frijoles (Phaseolus vulgaris)  también conocidos como frisol, poroto, habichuela, habilla, caraota, judía o alubia, y finalmente las calabazas (Cucurbita maxima) también conocidas como zapallo, auyama o  alcayota.

El Caballo: 

Dominio: Eucariota   Reino: Animalia           Filo: Chordata              Clase: Mammalia   Orden: Perissodactyla       Familia: Equidae           Género: Equus               Especie: E. feru

Clasificación taxonómica 

ELEMENTOS QUIMICOS 

1.- Yodo

Símbolo: I

Familia: VII A

Periodo: 5

Bloque electrónico: p5

Tipo de elemento: no metal 

2. Calcio

Símbolo: Ca

Familia: II A

Periodo: 4

Bloque electrónico: s2

Tipo de elemento: metal

3. Potasio

Símbolo: K

Familia: I A

Periodo: 4

Bloque electrónico: s1

Tipo de elemento: metal

4. Magnesio

Símbolo:Mg

Familia: II A

Periodo: 3

Bloque electrónico: s2

Tipo de elemento: metal

5. Fósforo 

Símbolo: P

Familia: V A

Periodo: 3

Bloque electrónico: p3

Tipo de elemento: no metal

6. Sodio

Símbolo: Na

Familia: I A

Periodo: 3

Bloque electrónico: s1

Tipo de elemento: metal

Maíz: Fósforo, Magnesio.

Frijoles: Calcio, Potasio y Fósforo

Calabazas: Calcio y Magnesio 

Carnes y pescado: Sodio, Fósforo, Potasio y Yodo

Aplicacion de los elementos quimicos en alimentos  

IMPUESTOS DE LAS TRIBUS

Algunas personas podrían pensar que las tribus tienen derechos especiales y que no pagan impuestos como los demás porque tienen sus propios gobiernos, pero eso no es verdad y aunque es complicado hablar de las situaciones de todas las tribus del mundo, en el caso de la tribu los cheyenes, tenemos que pensar en ellos como personas con doble ciudadanía, como ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos y ciudadanos de la tribu en la que están inscritos. Y tienen que pagar impuestos federales, excepto en casos muy excepcionales, como se describe en los tratados de ciertas tribus como la de los cheyennes en la que según la Constitución, las tribus son naciones soberanas e independientes que responden al Gobierno federal en asuntos relacionados con la propiedad y el dinero, no a los Gobiernos estatales. Por lo tanto, los estados no pueden cobrar impuestos a las tribus ni a los miembros de las tribus dentro del territorio de las tribus, esto incluye el impuesto sobre las ventas. Pero fuera del territorio de las tribus, se tiene que pagar impuestos al igual que todos los demás.