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The Concentric Zone Model was created in 

1923 by E.W. Burgess, Robert Park, and 

Roderick McKenzie. 

The Concentric Zone model was created by E.W. Burgess, 

Robert Park, and Roderick McKenzie in 1923. 

The model was immediately recognized as unique, as it was 

the first to be modeled with the bid-rent curve in mind and 

even the first to explain the distribution of different social 

groups in urban areas. Essentially, it was more detailed than 

the current divisions used to identify the layout of urban city 

structures. Still, the model has been criticized for only being 

applicable to a specific perception of American cities that 

doesn't reflect reality, and assuming that the landscape 

stays in the same constant form, while neglecting 

intervening physical features.

Although it doesn't apply as well to Chicago today, 

the Concentric Zone model applied well in a 

developing Chicago that Burgess conducted his 

study on. The CBD and it's surrounding ring of 

business were, of course, accurate, and low-class 

residents were constantly moving into the city in 

search of labor. At the same time, wealthy citizens 

were drawn to the suburban outskirts in the pursuit 

of clean, suburban life; moreover, infrastructure 

was being advanced around them in order to 

streamline commutes.

Sector Model was created in 1939 by Homer Hoyt. The sector 

model rose in popularity as an inspired modification of the 

Concentric Zone model, one that had improved in that it 

accounted for an outward progression within cities over time 

while also taking into account the advanced systems of 

transportation and infrastructure built around the CBD. 

Issues would still arise with Hoyt's idea, as it failed to 

account for newer advancements in transportation 

such as newly built street-cars. In addition to this, it 

shared the issue of ignoring the topography of the 

land. The similarities do not end there, for the Sector 

model was applied to Chicago by Hoyt, whom 

declared that wealthy residents tended to live along 

the northern area of lake Michigan while industry 

developed in the south.

The Multiple Nuclei model 

was

established by Chauncy 

Harris and Edward Ullman 

in 1945.

The Multiple Nuclei model gained significance for it's 

more complex structure. It was the only model of the 

major three thus far to assume city structure was based 

in multiple areas of interests, or nodes. It also applied 

the idea of one node pushing certain services away, 

such as an industrial plant rarely being built around an 

elementary school. Criticism of the model stemmed from 

it's alleged tendency to understate the importance of the 

CBD and it's reliance of a specialized economy to be 

made applicable. Still, it could be applied to our city of 

Raleigh. NC State would represent a node, surrounded 

by coffee shops and bookstores, whereas residential 

areas are mostly surrounded by grocery store and other 

essential commodities.

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