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Let’s start from the outside and work our way in. It has yet to be 

scientifically proven as to how it all started. However, some 

scientists believe that all life started from a cataclysmic event known 

as the big bang. The big band theory is the idea that one gigantic 

explosion released waves of energy. What followed was a series of 

reactions that lead to the present day. A theory is an educated guess 

based on research and a hypothesis. Every known and unknown 

region of outer space is known as the universe. The vast universe is 

infinitely large and made up of at least one hundred billion known 

galaxies. As far as we know so far, there are no signs of life 

anywhere else except for our galaxy. We live in the Milky Way galaxy 

which consists of more than 500 solar systems. Over 4 light-years 

away from the nearest star Alpha Centauri, you will find the Sol 

System. A light year is the speed at which light travels and is more 

commonly referred to as the speed of light. 

Here you will find 8 planets that orbit around a center star which we all know as the sun. Like all 

stars, the sun will one day diffuse and cause an imbalance in our solar system. Other stars like red 

supergiant stars will one day explode and create a black hole causing everything within range to 

converge and be sucked in. Among these planets you will find the largest of the group Jupiter, our 

neighbor Mars, and the only known sign of life, Earth. The size of the earth resembles the size of 

a white dwarf star; where as the weight of a whit dwarf correlates with the sun. Like the planets 

orbiting our sun, the Moon orbits the Earth. At one point in the rotation, the light from the sun is 

blocked by the moon from shining on the earth. This event is known as a solar eclipse. Another 

example is when the sun is blocked by the earth from shining on the moon and causes a lunar 

eclipse. Taking a closer look at the path of the moon, we seen that it does not orbit the earth in a 

circle, but in an elliptical path that resembles an oval. The cause of this path is a result of gravity. 

The larger an object is the more gravitational pull it has on smaller objects.   For example, the 

earth has a diameter 3.66 times larger than our moon. In other words, the ratio of the moon to 

earth is roughly 1:4. However, the sun has a diameter 54 times larger than the earth and when 

the moon gets closer to the sun the sun exerts a strong force on the moon. However, the moon 

is too close to the earth to get pulled away and continues its ellipsis around the earth along its 

celestial sphere which is an imaginary circle around the earth. There are two points where the 

moon crosses the celestial equator which is known as the equinox. These are better known as the 

summer and spring equinox. Once the moon reaches the absolute closest distance to earth, it 

emits a gravitational field on the earth. The greatest example is when the water level rises.

Now we Lets a closer look at our home planet. 

Surrounding the surface of the earth is a 

grouping of natural gasses known as the 

atmosphere. Starting from the highest altitude 

these spheres include exosphere, thermosphere, 

mesosphere, stratosphere, and lastly the 

troposphere. Within the stratosphere, you will 

also find the ozone layer. The ozone layer is a 

barrier that is responsible for absorbing most of 

the sun’s ultraviolet radiation so that life on 

earth can thrive and also benefit from its light.

In a prior era several eons ago there was a 

period known as the Mesozoic Era when a group 

of animals known as dinosaurs. These great 

animals were driven into extinction out by an 

asteroid that impacted the earth and what 

remains of them is found today in fossils that 

appear naturally during erosion when the 

earth’s surface is dissolved away by water or 

eroded away by friction from strong winds. 

These fossils can also be found when 

paleontologists excavate the earth by digging it 

up to find what is underneath.

From this point in time, the earth’s continents are 

constantly been moving in what we know as 

continental drift. Continental drift is caused by the 

earth’s surface constantly changing in a theory 

known as plate tectonics. The abrupt effect that we 

feel is earthquakes that begin at what is known as an 

epicenter. This origin is very strong but loses energy 

as it expands. Another result is the earth pulling 

apart pr collide to form volcanoes that release 

magma from the earth’s core in a powerful eruption. 

The most common of these volcanoes is a composite 

volcano. When a volcano is not active, it is known as 

a dormant volcano.

From a geology standpoint, the landscape of 

the earth has been organized and categorized 

using horizontal and vertical lines that form 

and axis. The largest horizontal line that 

divides the earth is known as the equator. To 

measure the elevation of a specific area, we 

use what is known as contour lines that signify 

when natural landscape has crossed a specific 

elevation. The result is a small topographic 

map measured to scale of the terrain of the 

earth.

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