I dedicate this book to the men who helped shape the government of this country and influenced new policies.
John Adams
John Adams was one of the major founding fathers, a lawyer, the first vice president, and 2nd president of the United States. As a founding father, Adams was the one who proposed a plan to draw up a declaration against Britain and played a role in writing it. Once this was done and sent to Britain, they knew war was going to begin. Adams appointed George Washington as Commander of the continental army. In 1770, the Boston Massacre took place and Adams was appointed to be the British troops lawyer. Doing so, the court found the troops not guilty except for 2 troops. After the Revolutionary War came to an end, the colonies elected George Washington as the 1st president of the United States.
In which, Adams became the 1st vice president. Following George Washington's presidency, Adams became 2nd president and served from 1797 until 1801. John was also the leader of the Federalist party, which was one of the first 2 political parties. During his presidency, Adams structed the United States Navy to where it was strong and could compete with any other countries Navy. After the Revolutionary war, France became the United States ally. After this, France and Britain went to war. And between 1797 and 1798, an affair between the US and France occurred. Due to the US being allies with France, they assumed that we would side with them instead of Britain. But Adams decided to stay neutral. Adams then sent 3 commissioners to France to negotiate, but the French foreign minister would not speak to them until they paid a large bribe.
He wanted $250,000 for himself and $10 million for France. Adams then took this bribe to Congress and the Senate printed the correspondence, in which the French were referred to as X,Y,Z. And this is how it became known as the X, Y, Z Affair. In 1798, Federalist Congress passed a set of laws known as the Alien and Sedation Acts. John Adams signed these into law. These laws allowed for immigrants to be deported and it made it a struggle for new immigrants to vote. At first, the immigrants had to be in the US for 5 years to vote, but it was changed to 14 years. The acts were deemed unconstitutional and violated individual’s protection. Adams was criticized for this and eventually the acts were removed.
James Madison
James Madison was one of the important founding fathers and the 4th president of the United Sates from 1809 until 1817. Madison also played the biggest role in writing and ratifying the Constitution. Although Madison is considered a founding father, his signature is in fact not on the Declaration of Independence. In 1787 when the Constitution was written at the Philadelphia Convention. Madison is considered the father of it. This is because he wrote it and put in the most work. When Madison was in congress, he helped frame the Bill of Rights and enact the first legislature revenue. Also, Madison served as Jefferson's Secretary of State, he protested the war between Britain and France. One of the major events during Madison's presidency was in fact the War of 1812. He was the first president of the United States to declare war on another country.
Madison declared this war on Britain on June 18, 1812. The group that pushed him to do this, were known as the War hawks. During the war, troops marched in and burned Washington D.C to the ground. The Capitol and White House were major buildings that were burned. Due to Andrew Jackson's win at the Battle of New Orleans, the War of 1812 was won by America. This was the first successful war since the American Revolution. After the victory, Madison and British officials signed the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war.In 1816, James Madison, along with Andrew Jackson and James Monroe, co-founded the American Colonization Society. This society helped return freed slaves to Africa. Following Madison's presidency, he returned home, and he and Thomas Jefferson built the University of Virginia.
John Marshall
John Marshall was an American politician and the 4th Chief of Justice of the United States from 1801 until 1835. Marshall also fought combat in the war, which helped him raise up in politics. During Washington's presidency, he offered Marshall the US attorney of Virginia and he declined. After this, he obtained a position in Virginias House of Delegates as a supported of national government. After a diplomatic mission to France during the XYZ Affair, he ran and was elected to Congress and here he supported John Adams. Adams then appointed him to Secretary of State and then in 1801, to Chief Justice.
Marshall was considered the most influential Chief Justice. He helped construct and defend the foundation of judicial power and principles of American Federalism. Marshall also exercised and created the judiciary review following the Marbury vs Madison court case. His foundation of Federalism is what helped to give authority to congress to create the Bank of the United States. Towards the end of Marshalls career as Chief Justice, he was handed the Worcester vs Georgia case. This case was one that wanted to kick Native American's out of Georgia, in order for territories to be expanded and for people to move into Georgia. Marshall came to conclusion that the states had no right to impose these regulations and deemed it unconstitutional.
At this point, Jackson drew up and passed the Indian Removal Act, which then led to the Trail of Tears with the Cherokee Indian Tribe. During is service as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835, John Marshall participated in more than 1,000 decisions, in which 500 of them, he wrote himself.
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I dedicate this book to the men who helped shape the government of this country and influenced new policies.
John Adams
John Adams was one of the major founding fathers, a lawyer, the first vice president, and 2nd president of the United States. As a founding father, Adams was the one who proposed a plan to draw up a declaration against Britain and played a role in writing it. Once this was done and sent to Britain, they knew war was going to begin. Adams appointed George Washington as Commander of the continental army. In 1770, the Boston Massacre took place and Adams was appointed to be the British troops lawyer. Doing so, the court found the troops not guilty except for 2 troops. After the Revolutionary War came to an end, the colonies elected George Washington as the 1st president of the United States.
In which, Adams became the 1st vice president. Following George Washington's presidency, Adams became 2nd president and served from 1797 until 1801. John was also the leader of the Federalist party, which was one of the first 2 political parties. During his presidency, Adams structed the United States Navy to where it was strong and could compete with any other countries Navy. After the Revolutionary war, France became the United States ally. After this, France and Britain went to war. And between 1797 and 1798, an affair between the US and France occurred. Due to the US being allies with France, they assumed that we would side with them instead of Britain. But Adams decided to stay neutral. Adams then sent 3 commissioners to France to negotiate, but the French foreign minister would not speak to them until they paid a large bribe.
He wanted $250,000 for himself and $10 million for France. Adams then took this bribe to Congress and the Senate printed the correspondence, in which the French were referred to as X,Y,Z. And this is how it became known as the X, Y, Z Affair. In 1798, Federalist Congress passed a set of laws known as the Alien and Sedation Acts. John Adams signed these into law. These laws allowed for immigrants to be deported and it made it a struggle for new immigrants to vote. At first, the immigrants had to be in the US for 5 years to vote, but it was changed to 14 years. The acts were deemed unconstitutional and violated individual’s protection. Adams was criticized for this and eventually the acts were removed.
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