This book is made for people to learn about the different elements on a periodic table, and for people to learn about the parts of an element

Parts of the atom

There are multiple parts of an atom. The parts of an atom are electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Electrons include a positive charge, neutrons include a negative charge, and protons include a positive charge. The acronym APEMAN helps determine the number of protons neutrons and electrons

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.

             APEMAN

A - Atomic number

P - Protons

E - Electrons 

M - Mass

A - Atomic number

N - Neutrons

Atomic number is the tiny number found in the top-left corner of the element card. Protons and Electrons equal the atomic number, but protons have a positive charge, and electrons have a negative charge. Atomic mass is the number found at the bottom of the element card. To know the actual mass, you need to round up or down based on what the number is in the tenths place. For example, if the atomic mass is 28.085, 0 rounds to 0 to the actual atomic mass is 28. To get neutrons, you subtract the Atomic Mass minus the Atomic Number.

Bohr models

Bohr models are models that show the properties of an atom. In a Bohr model, there's a nucleus and energy shells or levels and orbitals that orbit the nucleus. Protons are particles with a plus sign on it, electrons are particles with a minus sign on it, and nucleus have no sign on it. Protons and Neutrons go in the center, where the nucleus is, and electrons are on the outer rings. The last outer ring of electrons are called valence electrons. Valence 

electrons determine the reactivity with

other elements. Valence electrons 

can jump from one atom to another 

atom to determine how it chemically 

reacts with other elements.

  The Elements of   the Periodic Table

The Periodic Table

The periodic table is a list of all the elements in the Earth. The Periodic Table is made up of groups, periods, and families. 

    Metals, Metalloids, and Non-Metals

The periodic table is split into 3 categories: Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals. Metals are every element located on the left side of the periodic table except for hydrogen. Metalloids are the staircase located between the metals and the non-metals. Non-metals include everything on the right side of the periodic table and hydrogen. The characteristics of metals are normally shiny, malleable, conductors, and ductile. The characteristics of nonmetals are mainly brittle, not shiny, and insulators. Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

The elements highlighted in red are metals. The element highlighted in yellow are metalloids, and the elements highlighted in blue are nonmetals.

Periods and Groups

On the periodic table there are periods and groups(families). Periods are rows or horizontal lines on the periodic table, and groups are columns or vertical lines on the periodic table. There are 7 periods and 18 rows, and each period and row have very unique characteristics. The elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, and elements in the same period have the same number of energy orbitals or rings.

The types of Families on a Periodic Table

Family Names: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Boron Family, Carbon Family, Nitrogen Family, Oxygen Family, Halogens, and Noble Gases.

 Alkali Metals

Alkali metals are all the elements located on the first row, including hydrogen. They are very reactive, electropositive, monovalent metals forming strongly alkaline hydroxides. All of these elements are found in nature, and They have the high thermal and electrical conductivity, lustre, ductility, and malleability that are characteristic of metals. Alkalis also have a very bitter taste and have a soapy touch. 

Sodium is used as a heat exchanger in some nuclear reactors, and as a reagent in the chemicals industry. 

 Potassium carbonate is used in the manufacture of glass. Potassium hydroxide is used to make detergent and liquid soap.

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals are all the elements located in the second row, and they're very reactive and form divalent cations. They have two valence electrons in their outermost energy shell. The alkaline-earth elements are highly metallic and are good conductors of electricity, and they have low density and low melting points. Examples of Alkaline Earth Metals include beryllium, magnesium, and calcium. 

Beryllium is used in gears and cogs particularly in the aviation industry.

Magnesium is used in products that benefit from being lightweight, such as car seats, luggage, laptops, cameras and power tools. 

Transition Metals

Transition Metals are all the elements located in the middle of the periodic table and they're located from groups 3-12. They are metals and they're very good conductors of heat and energy. These elements are less reactive, unlike Alkali and Alkali Earth metals, and most of these metals are hard metals. Transition metals also form coloured ions of different charges, and many are used as catalysts. Catalysts are a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. An example is gold and silver.

Gold is used to make ornamental objects and fine jewellery for thousands of years.

Titanium is used to make high-performance products such as tennis rackets, goalie masks, and scissors. 

Boron Family

The boron family includes all the elements in group 13, and all the elements have 3 valence electrons. These elements are generally unreactive with many elements except at high temperatures. All the elements are metals except for Boron, which is a metalloid. One of the common elements boron is a very hard element and it's a very essential nutrient to green plants. The universe's atoms of boron were not made by nuclear fusion within stars and were not made in the big bang. Another element called Aluminium is used to make furniture, such as chairs and tables.