FAMILIES:

What is a family?

On the periodic table, the "families" are the vertical columns as shown below.

Elements that are in the same family, have the same number of VALENCE ELECTRONS. Since they have the same number of valence electrons, they tend to have properties that are alike and showcase similar reactivity

  PERIODS:

What is a period?

One the periodic table to rows that go ACROSS are called periods.

Elements that are in the same period have the SAME number of energy shells. This means that when the electrons are placed in the orbitals around the nucleus, they end up using the same numbers of energy shell

Protons:

What are protons?

 Protons are one of three subatomic particles and have POSITIVE charges.

What is their role in an atom? 

Their main role in the atom is to determine the identity of an atom.  The number for protons is also equivalent to the number of the atomic number which is how each element is placed on the periodic table. Protons are also placed INSIDE the nucleus along with neutrons.

How does it affect the periodic table's placement?

 Depending on how many protons, or in other words the atomic number of the element, will affect its placement on the periodic table. The periodic table starts off from one and goes on. The next element always has one more proton/atomic number than the previous.

Valence Electrons:

What are valence electrons?

Valence electrons are the electrons on the outermost shell. The number of them can differentiate based on the element you are trying to find.

What is a valence electrons' role?

The role of valence electrons is to determine chemical reactivity/bonding. The valence electrons are the ones that participate in the formation of building new chemicals and how it reacts with another element. The number of valence electrons may also determine that as well. 

Connection to reactivity?

As the number from 4 DECREASES the reactivity increases, and as the number from 4 INCREASES the reactivity increases are well. 

Valence Electrons: Example

This Bohr's model is of the element, Beryllium. You can see that this element contains, 4 protons, 5 neutrons, and 4 electrons. However, there are only TWO valence electrons because if you look at the OUTERMOST SHELL, you will only find that there are TWO electrons on that level. The protons and neutrons are placed inside of the shells, and the electrons are on the outer layer of the shell. This element has 2 energy levels as shown. The first level takes place of the first two electrons. The second level, has two more and when you total that up, you still get a total number of 4 electrons.

P= protons

N= Neutrons

Elemental Properties: 

What are elemental properties?

Elemental Properties are simply just physical or chemical aspects of an element. For physical elemental properties, we tend to sort them out into categories such as Non metals, non metals, and metalloids. Below are some simple classifications of the physical elemental properties.

Metals:

- luster

-malleable

-ductile

-conductive 

Metalloids:

-properties of both non metals and metals

Non Metals:

-dull

-crumble/brittle

-lustrous

Metals: 

Continuation of Metals: 

As shown on the chart, metals are the ones that tend to be more luster, or in other words shiny. Some other characteristics that follow are that it is malleable (the ability to bend without breaking) ductile (being able to be drawn out into a thread or wire like shape), and is conductive (the ability to conduct something: usually heat or electricity).

Example of a metal and why:

The picture on the side, is silver. Silver is a metal because from this image, you can see that it is luster. That is just one characteristic, however, if you were to try and hammer it down or try to form it into part of an earring, it is capable of doing so. In addition, silver can conduct electricity well.

Non metals:

Continuation of Non-metals:

Non metals are exactly what they sound like. They are the complete opposite of metals. Instead of being shiny, most of the elements that are non metal are lustrous (not shiny), dull, and are crumbly/brittle (breaks easily). Not all nonmetals have these properties, however, some are even gases and liquids. These are considered nonmetals because they do not meet any of the qualifications as a metal.

Example of a Nonmetal and Why:

The picture on the side is Sulfur. Sulfur is a non metal because you can see that its not shiny, in fact it looks more rocky, it look dull and isn't a sharp color or shape, and looks like it could break easily. This piece of sulfur looks like a rock where you can throw onto the floor and can break within seconds. This a solid figure, however liquids and gases are also known as nonmetals

Metalloids: 

Continuation of non metals: 

Metalloids are similar, but different to both metals and nonmetals. Not only do they have aspects of one, they have aspects of  both nonmetals and metals together. For example, an element may be luster, but it also may be brittle. Having both characteristics, is a key identification of a metalloid.

This image on the side represents silicon. Based on the image, you can automatically see that silicon is shiny, or in other words luster. It appears to have a metal like look, however when you break it apart, it becomes very brittle. Having both metal and non metal characteristics allows for us to know that silicon is a metalloid.

Element Families: 

What are element families: 

Element families refers to that group name. On the periodic table there are 18 groups, and each of them have a specific element family category. They are determined by reactivity/similar chemical behavior. Some of these groups are:

- Alkali Metals

-  Alkali Earth Metals

- Transition Metals

- Boron Family

- Carbon Family

-Nitrogen Family

-Oxygen Family

-Halogens

-Nobel Gasses

Alkali Metals:

What are some of their physical properties? 

The alkali family has physical characteristics of metals. Some of them include, very malleable, ductile, luster, and have high thermal and electrical conductivity.

What are some of their chemical properties?

A chemical property of the Alkali metals family is that they are very reactive. With only one valence electron, it is super easy for them to just give it away. This allows for another element to react with them quicker. They can also explode easily when exposed to water.

Element examples: 

Some elements that you can find in this family are Lithium, sodium, and Potassium. If you notice, all of these elements are within the same group. This is because they are in group 1 and all have only a singular valence electrons in which the reactivity rate is high

Continuation of Alkali Metals:

Bohr Model's example of Alkali Metal Elements:

Everyday Usage:

Some elements that we use on a daily basis that can also be found in the Alkali Metals family are Lithium and Sodium. Lithium is commonly used everyday as people charge their devices every day.     It is also used to make toys as well. People use sodium everyday. Whether it is consuming food or cooking. Many people include sodium in their diet                whether you know it or not

Images:

(Lithium)

(sodium)

Protons: Red

Neutrons: Blue

Electrons: Yellow

Alkali Earth Metals:

What are some of their physical properties?

Some physical properties that the Alkali Metals have are that they are all metals and are very good conductors of electricity. These are also all characteristics of metals, as all of the elements in this family are metals

What are some of their Chemical Properties?

Some of their chemical properties include being highly reactive. Although, they aren't as reactive as the halogens or the alkali metals they are still easily to be reacted with. They also form divalent cations as well.

Element Examples:

In the Alkali Earth Metals family group, some elements that you can find are Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, and etc. All of these elements are located in group two as well.

Continuation of Alkali Earth Metals:

Examples of Bohr's Models:

Everyday Usage:

Beryllium is an element in the Alkali Earth Metals family. People all over the world use it on a daily basis and its main usage is for gears and cogs. In addition, Magnesium is another example of an element in that family. Its daily use is car seats, luggage, laptops, cameras, and any power tools. It is also used as a vitamin as it is supportive in your bone structure

Beryllium-

Magnesium-

Protons: Red

Neutrons: Blue

Electrons: Yellow

Images:

Transition Metals:

What are some of its physical properties?

Transitions metals are still in the category of metals, therefore all of the elements in that family have similar characteristics one way or another. Transition metals have aspects such as being a good conductor of thermal/electricity, being malleable, ductile, and etc. Additionally, they also have high melting points.

What are some of its chemical properties?

Some transition metals can be reactive, but others may not be, however, most of the elements are. These elements are not as reactive as the alkali and alkali earth metals, but they may still react with another element.Some of them such as gold and silver are very unreactive.

Element Examples:

Some elements that are in the transition metals family are scandium and titanium. Both of these metals are located in the "square" area of the periodic table.

Continuation of Transition Metals:

Bohr's Model examples of Transition Metal elements:

Everyday Usage: 

Scandium and titanium are both metals that people use on a daily basis. Scandium is used for research purposes and titanium is used around the world because people use things like bikes, laptops, watches, golf clubs, etc. All of these have titanium in them.

Images:

Scandium-

Titanium-

Protons: Red

Neutrons: Blue

Electrons: Yellow

Boron Family:

What are some physical properties? 

In the boron family most of the elements are metals except for boron. Born itself is a metalloid, so technically speaking it has characteristics of metals. This may include being brittle,rough, having low melting points, being dull, and smooth

What are some chemical properties?

The boron family elements all have a valence electron of 3, making the reactivity not as high. A chemical property of the boron family would be its low reactivity rate. These elements may not react with others as fast because they need to give away 3 of their electrons first or they can take 6 electrons from another.

Element examples:

Boron itself and Aluminum are both examples of elements that are found in the Boron Family. Both of these elements can be found in group 13.