
This book was created and published on StoryJumper™
©2010 StoryJumper, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Global patterns of HIV:


Situation and trends - Explain the global distribution of HIV
Number of people (all ages) living with HIV
As of 2012, the global number of people living with HIV is 35.3 million [32.2 million–38.8 million],
compared to 30.3 million [27.2 million–33.1 million] in 2001 – a 17% increase. This reflects the
high numbers of people newly infected with HIV along with significantly expanded access to
antiretroviral therapy, which has helped to reduce the number of people dying from AIDS-related
causes, especially since 2004–2005.
Sub-Saharan Africa still bears an inordinate share of the global HIV burden. Although the rate of
new HIV infections has decreased, the total number of people living with HIV continues to rise. In
2012, that number reached 25.0 million [23.5 million–26.6 million], 71% of the global total.
Source: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/epidemic_status/cases_all_text/en/
March 20th 2014 15:01

The spread of Disease - Disease Diffusion:
Explain how the geographic concepts of diffusion by relocation and by expansion
apply to the spread of diseases.
Disease diffusion refers to the spread of disease from its source into new areas.
It is well documented that the incidence of disease is likely to be affected by
distance so that places closer to the source of a disease are most likely to see
higher incidence. This can be seen in the graph to the right which shows the
incidence of AIDs rates falling the further away from its source in San Francisco.
However, in a globalised world, increasingly connected by an integrated
transport communication system there is also strong evidence to suggest that
disease can spread quickly via roads at the national scale and airports at
regional and global scale.





Disease Diffusion:
Two common types of disease diffusion have been classified as expansion and
relocation diffusion.
Expansion Diffusion:
Occurs when a disease spreads from one place to another. In this expansion
process, the disease often intensifies, in the originating region. As the disease
expands into new areas it is likely to weaken. This type of diffusion was
recognised in the recent H1N1 flu virus that had its source in Mexico.
Relocation diffusion:
Spatial spread process, whereby the disease leaves the areas in which it
originated as it moves into new areas. An example of relocation of disease can
be seen in the migration of disease carriers, whether it be a migrant with HIV or
measles. The spread of cholera in Haiti in 2010, which killed 6000 people was
thought to be brought into the country by aid workers from Nepal in the
emergency response to the earthquake. It is quite common to see a mixture of
two or more types of disease diffusion. The diagram to the left shows a mix
between expansion and relocation.

Barriers to the Spread of Diseases:
Barriers of disease diffusion can be classified in terms of natural physical barriers and human
measures.
Natural Physical Barrier:
The most important natural barrier is that of distance decay. The further a place is away from
the source of incidence the lower the incidence of disease. Other natural barriers relate to
remoteness. Remote regions such as rural peripheries, mountainous regions and regions of
extreme climate experience relatively small amounts of in and out-migration. As a result the
spread of disease into these regions is less likely. Mountains and oceans also act as major
natural barriers to the spread of disease as they contain people and restrict migration.
Human Barriers:
Human measures relate to socio-political structures such as political borders and migration
control, which restrict or prevent the movement of people. US migration policy specifically
prevents the immigration of foreigners who carry infectious diseases. At times of high risk
borders can be completely closed, however for the economic impacts of such a measure it
would need to be an extreme case. Other human controls relate to the management of
disease and directly to the way in which a disease is transmitted. In the case of the H1N1 flu
virus many measures were adapted in the UK. Initially, people who contracted the flu were
isolated in their homes. This later became a bit of a farce as these same people were giving
media interviews from their house windows.

Isolation is of course an important management measure for many diseases though, and is essential for
highly infectious diseases such as cholera. Other measures in the UK involved creating a heightened
awareness of improved hygiene. People were advised to refrain from typical greeting customs such kisses
and hand shakes and to wash their hands carefully. In public places like airports and railway stations
people wore face masks. In Catholic ceremonies people refrained from drinking directly from the challice
during the celebration of the Eucharist. Finally, authorities considered cancelling larger public events such
as sports events and pop concerts. These events at the time all saw reduced attendance.

Describe the factors that have enabled reduction in incidence of a disease.
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This book was created and published on StoryJumper™
©2010 StoryJumper, Inc. All rights reserved.
Publish your own children's book:
www.storyjumper.com


Global patterns of HIV:


Situation and trends - Explain the global distribution of HIV
Number of people (all ages) living with HIV
As of 2012, the global number of people living with HIV is 35.3 million [32.2 million–38.8 million],
compared to 30.3 million [27.2 million–33.1 million] in 2001 – a 17% increase. This reflects the
high numbers of people newly infected with HIV along with significantly expanded access to
antiretroviral therapy, which has helped to reduce the number of people dying from AIDS-related
causes, especially since 2004–2005.
Sub-Saharan Africa still bears an inordinate share of the global HIV burden. Although the rate of
new HIV infections has decreased, the total number of people living with HIV continues to rise. In
2012, that number reached 25.0 million [23.5 million–26.6 million], 71% of the global total.
Source: http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/epidemic_status/cases_all_text/en/
March 20th 2014 15:01

The spread of Disease - Disease Diffusion:
Explain how the geographic concepts of diffusion by relocation and by expansion
apply to the spread of diseases.
Disease diffusion refers to the spread of disease from its source into new areas.
It is well documented that the incidence of disease is likely to be affected by
distance so that places closer to the source of a disease are most likely to see
higher incidence. This can be seen in the graph to the right which shows the
incidence of AIDs rates falling the further away from its source in San Francisco.
However, in a globalised world, increasingly connected by an integrated
transport communication system there is also strong evidence to suggest that
disease can spread quickly via roads at the national scale and airports at
regional and global scale.
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