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One day, Penny woke up on a bright early 

Saturday morning. His mom came in and woke 

him up 7 am! "Skipper, we are going on a tour 

of the Earth's layers!!"

Penny was very excited to go on the tour 

of the Earth's layers. She got in the car to 

go to her tour guide leader.

"Welcome Penny, I am your tour guide 

Sammy. I am super excited to show you the 

layers of the Earth." I am excited as well." 

said Penny.

"So, Penny the most outer layer of Earth is the crust, this is 

a very important layer." said Sammy. "Sammy, can you tell 

me a little bit about the crust?" said Penny. "Of course! The 

crust is 3-5 miles or 8 kilometers thick under the oceans. 

The temperatures of the crust vary from air temperature on 

top to about 1600 degrees Fahrenheit in the deepest parts 

of the crust. The pressure of the crust varies with the 

depth. The average density of the continents is about 2.7 

g/cm^3. The composition of the earth’s crust is composed 

of silicate minerals. The most abundant is feldspars.

Penny thought the Earth's crust was very 

interesting.

"Sammy, the crust is very interesting. What is the 

next layer that we will see on our tour?" said Penny. 

"We will be exploring the lithosphere. It is very 

interesting. 

The temperature of the lithosphere is 300-500 

degrees Celsius. It is a cooler layer. The depth of the 

lithosphere is 200 kilometers or 120 miles. The 

density of the lithosphere varies depending on 

temperature, depth and age. The composition is 

dense rock made out of iron and nickel. The 

pressure varies vertically throughout the 

lithosphere."

Penny thought the lithosphere was very 

fascinating. "The next layer we will see is the 

asthenosphere." said Sammy. 

"This is the asthenosphere. The temperature 

is 4500 degrees Celsius. The density 

decreases with depth. The pressure can vary. 

The thickness is 180 km thick. The 

composition is mostly plastics.  

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