INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL ENGLISHES

Although the English language was spoken in the mid-sixteenth century only by a relatively small group of native speakers, in the early part of the twenty-first century, the number of speakers of English increased dramatically making it one of the most spoken languages worldwide today.

Who speaks english?

At present, English is used in around 75 regions either as the primary language or as an official second language in fields such as government, law, and education.

ENL

ESL

ELF

EFL

It is easy confuse the terms ENL, ESL, EFL and ELF. So, what do these terms stand for?

ENL: This term stands for "English as a Native Language". It refers to individuals who learned and acquired English as their first language or mother tongue.

ESL: It stands for "English as a Second Language". It refers to individuals who live in a predominantly English spoken country and are learning English as an additional language. They do not speak it as their first language or mother tongue. 

EFL: This term means "English as a Foreign Language". It refers to individuals who are learning English in a non-English speaking country where English is not the primary language of communication. EFL learners typically do not have regular opportunities to use English outside of the classroom.

ELF: This term stands for "English as a Lingua Franca". It refers to the use of English as a common language of communication between speakers of different languages. In ELF contexts, English is used as a means of communication rather than a language that is tied to a particular culture or native-speaking community.

MODELS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH

DIASPORAS

Migrations to North America, Australia, New Zealand  (L1 varieties of English).

THE FIRST DIASPORA

Migrations to Africa and Asia (L2 varieties of English).

THE SECOND DIASPORA

STREVENS' MODEL OF THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH

=> First published in 1980.

=> It is the oldest model.

=> It explains with a map how the American English became a separate variety from British English.

MCARTHUR'S MODEL OF THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH

=> In 1987.

=> The wheel model.

=> In the center of this model is "World Standart English" which is the best form of English.

=> The world Englishes are divided into 8 regions in this model.

KACHRU'S MODEL OF THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH

=> The world Englishes are divided into into three concentric circles.

=> Inner Circle: ENL speakers.

     Outher Circle: ESL speakers.

     Expanding Circle: ELF and EFL             speakers.

mODIANO'S CENTRIPAL CIRCLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH

=> People who can sufficently communicate in English are in the center of this model while the second circle consists of people who can communicate with the same diversity. The third circle is the EFL learners and the people who do not now English are outside of this model.

What is a Global Language?

When a language is acknowledged and given a distinctive position in every nation, it attains a truly worldwide status. Making it a genuinely "global language".

What is a global language?