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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born on May 19, 1881 in the Ottoman city of Selanik (now known as Thessaloniki) in present-day Greece. His father, Ali Rıza Efendi, was a customs officer, and his mother, Zübeyde Hanım, was from a wealthy farming family. Atatürk was the third child in the family, and had two older brothers and a younger sister.

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After completing his primary education in Selanik, Atatürk attended the Şemsi Efendi School, a prestigious Islamic secondary school in Istanbul. In 1899, he entered the Military Academy in Istanbul and graduated in 1905 as a lieutenant in the Ottoman army.

During World War I, Atatürk served as a commander in the Ottoman army and played a key role in the Battle of Gallipoli, where he successfully defended the Dardanelles against the British and French forces. This victory became a defining moment in his military career and earned him national acclaim.

After the war, Atatürk was appointed as the inspector of the Ottoman military schools and later as the commander of the army in eastern Anatolia, where he began to organize resistance against the Allied powers. In 1919, he convened the Congress of Erzurum and the Congress of Sivas, where he rallied support for the Turkish War of Independence.