This book is a collaborative product of the January-1 month of the

 'For Clean Nature" project.

Subject : Water ans Soil Pollution

 TOPICS

 a.Factors Causing Water and Soil Pollution

 b. plastic

 c. Waste Oils

 d. Detergents

 e. Organic Liquids

 f . Heavy metals

 g. Batteries

 h. Industrial Wastes

 I. Effects of Water and Soil Pollution on Human Health

  j. What are the Economic Effects of Water and Soil Pollution?

k. Effects of water and soil pollution on the environment

l . Precautions to be Taken to Prevent Water and Soil

TAKIMLAR

a. Gülbesti(XATİRE ŞABEDDİNOVA)  

b. Gözde.ÇFL(AHSEN TUĞÇE KESER)

c. Nino.TR(ELİSO KUPATADZE)    

d. Nuray (NİGAR MEHDİYEVA )   

e. Yaren.MTAL(KADRİYE SİBEL SERTAKAN)    f. Berkin.ÇFL(SUNAY ALTAN)    

g. Nuray.9v(MAHLUGA BABAYEVA)    

h. Kaya.15( SADİYE DEMİR İPEK)    

ı . erhn.Kllk( HATİCE FİLİZ CAMADAN)    

J. Turan.Zarife(ZAHİDE ZARİFE ÇELTİK) 

k. Dudu.15(DERYA ÖKSÜM ERDOĞAN)    

l. Batu.Yeni( PELİN YUMUŞAK ) 

SUB-TOPIC:  a.Factors Causing Water and Soil Pollution

TEAM:  Gülbesti( XATİRE SHABEDDİNOVA's TEAM)

                   What is Water pollution?

   Water pollution, which is needed in every aspect of life and used for activities such as eating, drinking, cleaning and swimming, becomes unusable. Water pollution, which can be detected through chemical tests, observations, and its effects on the health of living things, can be measured by visible garbage or by microbes and bacteria that become evident under the microscope.

   In order to understand the seriousness of water pollution, it may be more enlightening to talk about its effects. For example, water pollution makes it impossible for plants to grow and receive the substances they need for photosynthesis.

 In addition, plants that feed on dirty water host viruses, bacteria and microbes. Of course, consumption of these plants invites many diseases and epidemics in humans and animals.

   You have the same question in your mind, right? What should we do to prevent water pollution? The first step is to use water resources efficiently. You can start individual precautions by minimizing water use. You can try to consume less water while showering, shaving or brushing your teeth. In addition, you need to pay attention to the substances mixed into the sink water you use in the kitchen. For example, you should never pour used oil down the sink drain. You can also collect the oils and deliver them to oil waste facilities.

*What Should We Do to Prevent Water Pollution?

DON'T  FORGET  WATER   IS  LIFE!

What is soil pollution?

  Soil pollution is the deterioration of the physical and chemical properties of the soil by solids (insoluble substances such as plastic, etc.), liquid (environmental pollutants such as waste oil), radioactive waste and other polluting elements. Negativities that occur in the soil can quickly affect living life.

 *  Indiscriminate dumping of used waste and garbage from residential areas, direct release of sewage water into nature without treatment

*  Heavy metals such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead and cadmium, emitted from the exhausts of vehicles used in cities, are spread in the air and inhaled by living beings or travel to other places by winds and fall to the ground with precipitation.

*  In agricultural practices; Accumulation of toxic substances in the soil and pollution of the natural environment due to unconscious and excessive use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers.

*Uncontrolled discharge of industrial waste into nature constitutes the main causes of soil and environmental pollution.

*Oil-related pollution affects very large areas and is very difficult to remove from the soil.

   Wastes from industrial facilities must be disposed of properly and in accordance with the rules. Chemical wastes generated in industrial facilities cause soil and water pollution. For this reason, these problems can be prevented by properly managing and filtering the water waste and chemical waste of industrial facilities.

*Disposal of Industrial Wastes

*Correct Waste Management

*Recycling and Reuse

   One of the ways to prevent soil pollution is to reduce waste. Therefore, recycling and use of used products is of great importance. Reuse and recycling both reduce environmental problems and minimize damages.

SUB TOPIC:  b.  Plastic    

TEAM:  Gözde.ÇFL  (AHSEN TUĞÇE KESER's TEAM) 

        There are 5 pieces of plastic in the oceans, and 8 million tons of plastic are added to this amount every year, and this amount is increasing day by day. This is the equivalent of sea unloading with people leaving a truck every minute of the day. A long and destructive formation unfolds there. However, despite the magnitude of this problem, global plastic production continues and poses an increasing risk to the oceans.

Why Does Plastic Have Such an Impact on Our Oceans?

The food chain has free species; This means plastic is infiltrating entire ecosystems. Researchers even discover that organisms as small as commercial polyps regularly consume microplastics. Additionally, plastics absorb chemicals floating in the ocean and contain harmful chemicals. The review suggests that animals are inoculated with the toxin, but if consumed, this could damage their organs, make them more sensitive to sounds, and alter their reproduction.

    Tens of thousands of marine animals are becoming entangled in plastic waste, particularly ghost gear, that limits their movement and support, causing agriculture and urban waste. The damage caused by ingesting plastic is less visible: seabirds, seabirds, fish and whales often mistake plastic horses for food because they have similar colors and compositions to some prey. In addition to the mammals living in the sea, microscopic creatures are also changing. Microplastics also resemble food plankton

How Bad is the Situation?

 Research also shows that more than 800 coastal and marine trails are directly impacted by plastic waste through exposure, ingestion, or degradation of life. Research shows that 90% of the planet's seabirds and 52% of its populations consume plastic. Additionally, one million seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals die from plastic waste every year.Converting fossil fuels into plastic resins introduces carcinogenic and other degradations, which have documented adverse effects on nerve and deterioration outcomes, among other adverse health effects. At the end of life, a number of chemicals leached from plastics become cancerous, and microplastics are believed to be responsible for a range of respiratory and injuries resulting from exposure to insufficiently emitting plastics.

        Plastic is banned so regularly that it is restricted in some of the wildest and most remote places on our planet, including the deepest canyons of Antarctica and the Mariana Trench. Ocean currents, floating plasticization, coalesced into five large, rotating deep-sea eddies; For example, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which covers an ocean preserve three times the width of France. Estimates suggest there may be more than 5 pieces of plastic floating in the ocean. And that amount could increase if plastic continues to be produced at current rates.

        The biggest impact to consumers will undoubtedly be the single-start plastic operation, which has played a significant role in marine plastic bans. It is also important to recycle plastic wherever possible. Volunteering for mass clean-ups of rivers and beaches helps reduce the amount of plastic entering the sea. Campaigns and policies that reduce unnecessary plastic production are very important.

This has led to great successes in the past, such as the Banning of the use of non-perishable microbeads (tiny spheres made of plastic) in toiletries and cosmetics in the United Kingdom, the United States and many others.

     Similarly with the Chinese Patch. In the Chinese port city of Xiamen, university researchers are developing a camera tracking system to detect plastic and predict its trajectory downriver so they can intercept it before it leaves it there. The European Space Agency is even using its satellites to track plastic debris in space in the hopes of creating new policies that will limit plastic business. Progress in the creation of biodegradable plastics could have a major impact on ocean health: Researchers are currently working on a bioplastic that dissolves in seawater and could ultimately reduce the amount of waste deposited there.

Soil Pollution

   The presence of plastics can cause a range of toxic effects on soil organisms through complex interactions. For example, it has been discovered that microplastics can leach and be physically altered, limiting their ability to retain water.

    In addition, the release of plastic rules and their related additives can also affect various soil invertebrates such as earthworms, nematodes, isopods, collemboli and snails, increasing their mortality, negatively affecting their growth and movement, reproduction, and causing oxidative and antioxidative perpetuation. stress. These effects lead to the amount of change depending on the pollution in the air.

What Can We Do to Prevent Land Pollution?

    By planting more trees, reusing materials, using manure in agriculture, splitting pesticide regulations, creating individual, and treating waste; We will be able to prevent warehouses that are prohibited

    Gözde.CFL

Plastics are mostly produced from raw materials such as coal and oil.

Growth in plastic production has been increasing since the 1950s. At least 14 million tons of plastic enters our oceans and seas every year. Plastic debris accounts for 80% of all marine litter found from surface waters to deep-sea sediments, threatening both human health and aquatic ecosystems.

It causes contamination of water and dirt. It harms aquatic creatures and even causes their death.

WE MUST REDUCE PLASTIC USE!

  This type of plastic is produced from raw materials such as oil or plants. Plastic was invented in 1907 and its use began to increase after that. It was actually a good invention, but it has many side effects, such as water and land rules, among other things. It is generally thought that water bans are dangerous, but plastic bans are argued to pose a greater threat to land-dwelling plants and animals. Very little of the plastic we throw away every day is recycled or mined, then burned in the breakdown to be converted into energy. Much of it ends up in landfills, where it can take up to 1,000 years to decompose, potentially causing seasonal leaching of landfills and water. This can lead to the death or extinction of marine or land animals. Plastic bans may one day be impossible to take back from what they were taken. Therefore, we must take action to reduce or minimize plastic pollution.

Ege.CFL,

Bahadır.CFL

   Plastik en büyük icatlardan biridir. Ucuz ve üretimi kolaydır. Bu nedenle popüler oldu ve insanlar onu kullanmaya başladı. Plastik kullanımı 1950'li yıllarda bu yana katlanarak arttı.

    Plastics cause many pollution such as water and soil pollution. Animals can eat it easily. Plastics decompose over 450 years and can be separated into small pieces called microplastics. Microplastics can contaminate our food and make us sick, up to cancer. It is very difficult to remove microplastics from nature.

    Dünyayı değiştirmeyi istemesek daha az plastik kullanmalı, plastiğin dünyamıza ve hayvanlara verilen zararları insanlara anlatmamalıyız. Yeni nesiller için doğaya uygun olmalıyız  .

İsmail.CFL

Effect of Plastic on Water Pollution

Natural Life Hazard: Plastic waste has a significant impact on climate, especially in oceans and seas. Plastics carried into the sea from coastal areas or rivers harm marine life and disrupt ecosystems. The impact of plastic waste on the sea changes many organisms, from seabirds to fish and marine mammals.

Making Water Resources Unusable: Plastic waste can pollute water resources and make drinking water resources unusable. This protects people and compromises the basic water quality of the areas.

Causes Microplastic Pollution: Microplastics are formed as a result of physical and technological processes such as degradation of plastics left by products and exposure to emissions, breaking into smaller pieces. Since plastics do not break down easily, they cause permanent pollution in the microplastics ecosystem. Microplastics are often found in aquatic environments and water bodies. Especially in the seas, their disintegration is more difficult than on land due to the cold and salty nature of the water. These microplastics can be ingested by aquatic organisms and spread throughout the food chain, and the resulting harmful microorganisms can reach high-level chemicals, including humans.

Effect of Plastic on Soil Pollution

Non-Accumulation and Degradation in Soil: Plastics do not deteriorate for a very long time and last a long time in the soil. This causes plastic waste to damage the soil and cause pollution.

Harming Living Creatures in the Soil: Plastic wastes contain animals, plants, microorganisms and other soil creatures living in the soil. 

Chemicals Can Be Released into Nature: Cloning of plastic molds with chemicals stored during production or use. These chemicals can be mixed and intermittently released when plastics break down, negatively impacting biodiversity.

Causes Disturbance of Ecosystem Balance: The tearing and disintegration of plastic waste in the soil can increase the amount of water in the soil, cause damage to vegetation. The order of this ecosystem may be disrupted.

Pollution of Soil Water Resources: Plastic wastes can be carried by rainwater or irrigation water, polluting groundwater resources and surface waters. This situation can threaten both drinking water and ecological systems.

    While it may be an environmentally friendly method, less than 10% of the plastic produced each year is recycled. Both the recycling possibility of some plastics and the insufficient planning of waste plastics present difficulties in re-examination. For this reason, a significant part of the plastic used ends up in landfills or is replaced, and our nature is polluted.

What wasn't done?

Senanur.CFL

        Researchers continue to work on more efficient processes to recycle or render harmless plastics. To contribute individually during this period, you should reduce plastic consumption, choose re-offered options instead of single treatments, environmentally friendly alternative products can be consumed, take care that will extend the life of plastic waste, use reuse, and this encourages living individuals. Don't use this. This helps reduce water and tank conservation.

SUB-TOPIC:  c. Waste Oils

TEAM:  Nino.TR( ELİSO KUPATADZE's TEAM)

What is Waste Oils?

Waste oil is defined as any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that, through contamination, has become unsuitable for its original purpose due to the presence of impurities or loss of original properties.

The U.S. EPA defines the term "used oil" as any petroleum or synthetic oil that has been used, and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical properties. "Used oil" is a precise regulatory term. "Waste oil" is a more generic term for oil that has been contaminated with substances that may or may not be hazardous. Any oil contaminated with hazardous waste may itself be a hazardous waste, and if so, must be managed subject to hazardous waste management standards. Both used oil and waste oil require proper recycling or disposal to avoid creating an environmental problem.

Some examples of types of products that after use, can be labeled as used oil are: hydraulic oil, transmission oil, brake fluids, motor oil, crankcase oil, gear box oil, synthetic oil, and grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 fuel oil.

Waste oil can be disposed of in different ways, including sending the used oil off-site (some facilities are permitted to handle the used oil such as your local garages and local waste disposal facilities), burning used oil as a fuel (some used oil is not regulated by burner standards, but others that are off-specification used oil can only be burned in either industrial furnaces, certain boilers, and permitted hazardous waste incinerators), and marketing the used oil (claims are made that the used oil is to be burned for energy recovery, and then it is shipped to a used oil burner who burns the used oil in an approved industrial furnace or boiler).

For on-site burning of used oil, the oil must be stored in tanks or containers, above or underground. The containers must be in good condition with no leaks, the tanks/containers must be labeled with the words “used oil”, and there must be a spill prevention plan (or a control and countermeasures plan)

SUB-TOPIC:  d.Detergents 

TEAM:  Nuray( NIGAR MEHDİYEVA's TEAM)

Among the different contaminants, detergent as an important pollutant has serious risks to natural ecosystems. Furthermore, detergents can pass into the wastewater treatment plants and have bad effect on their performance.

Researchers confirmed that aerobic processes are able to degrade the most of detergents but anaerobic degradation is not possible because of restricted metabolic pathways and toxicity of them. Therefore, production of environment-friendly detergent is an important issue around the world.

SUB-TOPIC:  e.Organic Liquids 

TEAM:  Yaren.MTAL( KADRİYE SİBEL SERTAKAN's TEAM)

What is Organic Liquid?

They are wastes of the pharmaceutical, dye, chemical and petrochemical industries.Organic molecules may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and halogen, especially carbon.

SUB-TOPIC:  f.Heavy metals 

TEAM:  Berkin.ÇFL ( SUNAY ALTAN's TEAM)

                                  Heavy Metals 

Heavy metals are arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, tin and titanium. Heavy metals can accumulate in the air, soil, and drinking or groundwater sources in and around concentrated sources of heavy metals resulting from industrial production or pollution.

Harm of heavy metals to the environment

Heavy metals can deteriorate soil biology, negatively affect plant protein synthesis, DNA, RNA, root-water relationship, germination, development and photosynthesis, and cause damage to tissues and organs by creating complex structures in soil, plants and water.

Heavy metals reduce the mineral uptake of plants from the soil, affect the efficiency of photosynthetic enzymes and cause oxidative stress, thus damaging the cell structures of plants and preventing the growth of the plant.

SUB-TOPIC:  g.Batteries 

TEAM:  Nuray.9v( MAHLUGA BABAYEVA's TEAM)

The environmental impact of battery production comes from the toxic fumes released during the mining process and the water-intensive nature of the activity.

The disposal of the batteries is also a climate threat. If the battery ends up in a landfill, its cells can release toxins, including heavy metals that can leak into the soil and groundwater.

How do batteries pollute nature?

Batteries and the Environment

The problem created by the uncontrolled disposal of batteries may be stated simply: some batteries contain toxic materials whose injection into ecosystems may cause harm. When added to landfills, the toxic materials may enter the local groundwater system and propagate through the food chain in various ways. If processed in improperly designed or operated incinerators, the toxic materials may enter the ecosystem via the airborne route.

  Next

SUB-TOPIC:  h.Industrial Wastes 

TEAM:  Kaya.15 ( SADİYE DEMİR İPEK 's TEAM)

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL WASTES

                    Various metals, oils left over from machinery, slag and mining wastes that remain from materials that have been processed or consumed in the industrial sector, that cannot be processed or consumed in any way over time, are called industrial waste.

Where are Industrial Waste Products Used?

Industrial waste products have a wide range of uses. Schools, hospitals, government service buildings, construction industry, factories, automotive industry are places where industrial waste products are frequently used.

Harms of Industrial Waste

What are Industrial Waste Products?

    Industrial waste products are products specially manufactured to preserve environmentally harmful industrial wastes and keep them in an environmentally friendly area. In this respect, industrial waste products play a very important role in terms of storage and collection of industrial wastes that are destroyed and recycled. It makes a great contribution to the environment and human health.

The main industrial waste products can be listed as follows: plastic garbage container, zero waste buckets, infected waste bucket, plastic waste container, medical waste container, paper waste container, glass waste container, hazardous waste container, plastic garbage bins.

SUB-TOPIC:  ı. Effects of Water and Soil Pollution on Human Health

TEAM: Erhn.Kllk( HATİCE FİLİZ CAMADAN's TEAM)

Clean water is a great need for human health. Dirty water in humans; * Fever and diarrhea * Nausea and vomiting * Severe headache * Heart rhythm irregularity * Increased edema in the body * Fatigue and tension * Muscle cramps and pain * Digestive system infections * Substances such as arsenic, barium, benzene, cadmium, carbon tetrachloride, chlorine do not mix with water chlorobenzene, chloroform, cronium, copper, dichlor ethylene, etc., which pose a risk. It can cause tumors, cramps and spasms, nerve blockages, cancer, leukemia, stomach, liver and kidney disorders.

-Clean air is a great necessity for human health. -The negative effects of polluted air on human health; *leads to the development of COPD *Leads to the development of asthma *It causes lower respiratory tract infections, especially in children. *May cause pneumonia. *May cause lung cancer. *Diseases such as autism, Alzheimer's, diabetes, appendix etc. *Air pollution also restricts the field of vision. It spoils the natural appearance. *Contaminates clothes, causes paints to peel off, metals to corrode, and historical buildings to be damaged.

SUB-TOPIC:  j.What are the Economic Effects of Water and Soil Pollution? 

TEAM:  Turan.Zarife( ZAHİDE ZARIFE ÇELTIK's TEAM)

What are the economic effects of water and soil pollution?

The economic effects of water pollution

The two biggest pollution problems impact air and water resources. 

Pollution cause billions in damage to the environment and health. One growing problem is pollution from plastics, which is damaging our food supply and even the air we breathe.

Water is used for agriculture, drinking water (potable), recreation, and fishing.

Water quality of streams, lakes, and rivers depends on the sources that feed them. Unfortunately, water pollution is created when fertilizer, animal and human waste, plastics, and toxic industrial chemicals enter these sources. It costs the economy by impacting public health, fishing, tourism, and the environment. Governments try to control the damage by setting water-quality standards to regulate usage.

What are the economic effects of water and 

soil pollution?

The most devastating economic fallout from water pollution.

Agency, occurs in four main areas:

-Cost of treating drinking water

The economic effects of soil pollution

Soil pollution has a direct cost of remediation and management that is easily perceived by society and policy makers. The cost of identifying and characterizing potentially polluted soils is very high, and risk management strategies are often applied, which rely on a more detailed desk study, which is often less costly than laboratory analysis of multiple samples. The cost of remediation varies from site to site depending on the characteristics of the site, such as the size of the affected area, the concentration of contaminants, the environmental compartments to be remediated (topsoil, vadose zone, groundwater, surface water), the protective measures for the population during the remediation work, the acceptable level to be achieved depending on the land use after remediation, as well as the technology chosen.

SUB-TOPIC:  k.Effects of water and soil pollution on the environment 

TEAM:  Dudu.15( DERYA ÖKSÜM ERDOĞAN's TEAM)

Effects of Water  Pollution on the Environment

 Water has a critical role in maintaining ecological balance. However, rapid urbanization, industrialization and agricultural practices increase water pollution levels.Contaminants in water can enter the food chain.Water pollution can disrupt the food chain.Drinking contaminated water or consuming contaminated plants or prey can lead to illness, reproductive problems, or death.Additionally, when surface water becomes contaminated, this contamination can leak into groundwater resources.Once groundwater is contaminated, it can take years,even centuries, to clean up.The environmental impacts of water pollution are multifaceted and far-reaching. Providing clean water for all life forms is critical not only for human health, but also for maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems.

Effects of Soil  Pollution on the Environment

SUB-TOPIC:  l.Precautions to be Taken to Prevent Water and Soil Pollution 

TEAM:  Batu.Yeni( PELİN YUMUSAK's TEAM)

    SOİL POLLUTİON

Soil pollution is the degradation of the physical and chemical properties of soil by solid, liquid and radioactive residues and pollutants.  All negative changes that will occur in the soil have the power to strongly affect human life.

WATER POLLUTİONS

Water pollution;  It is the pollution seen in water basins such as lakes, rivers, oceans, seas and groundwater.  All kinds of water pollution harms all living things in the environment.  It also causes the extinction of various species

REASONS OF SOİL POLLUTİON

- Sewage and wastewater.

- Agricultural runoff.

- Industrial waste.

- Oil spill.

- Garbage pile in the sea.

- Plastic pollution.

- It is radioactive waste.

REASONS OF WATER POLLUTİON

- Wastes from residential areas.

- Exhaust gases.

- Industrial waste.

- Agricultural pesticides.

- Chemical fertilizers.

  MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN AGAINST SOIL POLLUTION

- Use of pesticides in a way that does not harm the soil.

- Acting consciously in fertilizing the soil.

- Collecting garbage in a place and in a way that will not pollute the soil.

- Pouring detergent and other wastewater into certain places.

- Warning of those who pollute the soil and those who cause it to become polluted

MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN AGAINST WATER POLLUTION

- Using less chemicals in cleaning.

- Not throwing non-biodegradable waste down the sink.

- To prevent pharmaceutical waste from entering the sewer system.

- Not throwing medical waste into water,

- Saving water.

UTILIZED RESOURCES

    Texts:

     1. https://www.muhendisbeyinler.net/endustriyel-atik-nedir/

     2. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanayi_at%C4%B1klar%C4%B1

     3. https://cindil.net/www.cindil.net/pdftr/gerikazanim.pdf

     4. 10th Grade Chemistry Book (Başak Publications-Türkiye)

     5. 10th Grade Chemistry Book (MEB Publications- Türkiye)

     6. https://cografyahocasi.com/11-sinif/atiklar-ve-geri-donusum.html

UTILIZED RESOURCES

          IMAGES

             1. Canva

             2. Pixton

             3. Wordart