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critical period

A biologically determined period of 

life when language can be acquired 

more easily and beyond which time 

language is increasingly difficult to 

acquire.

Critical period hypothesis

The claim that there is a biological timetable 

before which and after which language 

acquisition, both first and second, is more 

successfully accomplished.

Lateralization

The assigning of specific neurological 

functions to the left hemisphere of the 

brain, and certain other functions to the 

right hemisphere.

Hemisphere

The left or right "half" of the 

brain, each performing different 

categories of neurological 

functions

Sociological critical period

Social and biological explanations 

for a critical period for language 

acquisition.

Authentic

(referring to pronunciation) oral 

production judged by a speech 

community to be correct, native or 

native-like, and appropriate within 

that speech community.

Strong version

(of the critical period hypothesis: of the 

contrastive analysis hypothesis) hypotheses 

or models that make broad generalizations 

with few (if any) exceptions, and make 

claims, a priory, of the application of a 

model to multiple contexts.

Implicit learning

Acquisition of linguistic 

competence without intention to 

learn and without focal awareness 

of what has been learned, as 

opposed to explicit learning.

Equilibration

Progressive interior organisation of 

knowledge in a step wise fashion: moving 

from states of of doubt and uncertainty 

(disequilibrium) to stages of resolution and 

certainty (equilibrium).

Rote learning

The process of mentally storing 

facts, ideas, or feelings having 

little or no association with 

existing cognitive structure.

Meaningful learning

Anchoring and relating new items 

and experiences to knowledge 

that exists in the cognitive 

framework (see subsumption).

Egocentricity

Characteristic of very young children in which 

the world revolves around them, and they see 

all events as focusing on themselves.

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