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Zone of Aeration
Where the sediment, soil and rock are not saturated. Wells cannot pump water from this zone .
Zone of Saturation:
Much of the water in soil seeps downward until it reaches the zone of saturation. The area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock .
2
Porosity & Permeability
The porosity of soil indicates how much of its volume is open space. This can be estimated rather accurately by measuring the amount of water it can hold. The permeability of soil indicates how easily water can move through it. It can be estimated by timing how quickly water flows through it.
3
Hot Springs
A hot spring is 6 C to 9 C warmer than the mean annual air temperature where the spring occurs. There are more than 1000 hot springs in the United States. Temperatures in deep mines and oil wells usually rise rise with an increase in depth at an average of 2 C per 100 meters.
Geysers
An intermittent hot spring or fountain in which a column of water shoots up with great force at various intervals. Geysers often shoot up columns of water 30 to 60 meters. The most famous is Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park.
4
Wells
A well is a hole bored into the zone of saturation. Irrigation for agriculture is by far the single greatest use of well water in the United States. Industrial uses of groundwater rank a distant second, followed by the amount used by homes. The level of water table may change considerably during a year.
5
Caverns
The result of groundwaters ability to erode rock.
Soluble rocks especially limestone, underlie millions of square kilometers of earths surface. naturally formed underground chamber. They form from seemingly endless dripping of water over great spans of time.Features not possible until the caverns are above the water table in the zone of aeration.
Examples : Stalactites , Stalagmites
6
Karst Technology
The many areas of the world that have landscapes that have been shaped largely by dissolving power of groundwater. Occur in many areas that are underlain by limestone.Typically have irregular terrain, with many depressions called sinkholes.
Sinkholes : Some develop gradually over many years withoust any physical disturbance to the rock. the roof of a cavern collapse. Following rainfall runoff is quickly funneled below ground through sinkholes.
7
Saturated: the state of air that contains the maximum quantity of water vapor that it can hold at any give temperature and pressure.
Porosity : the volume of open spaces in rock or soil.
Permeability : a measure of a materials ability to transmit fluids.
Intermittent:
Irrigation : artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Industrial:
Underlie :
Stalactites :icicle like structure that hangs from the ceiling of a cavern.
Stalagmites : a column like form that grows upward form the floor of a cavern.
Terrain :
8
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Created & published on StoryJumper™ ©2025 StoryJumper, Inc.
All rights reserved. Sources: storyjumper.com/attribution
Preview audio:
storyj.mp/abu2kh43sbcb
Zone of Aeration
Where the sediment, soil and rock are not saturated. Wells cannot pump water from this zone .
Zone of Saturation:
Much of the water in soil seeps downward until it reaches the zone of saturation. The area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock .
2
Porosity & Permeability
The porosity of soil indicates how much of its volume is open space. This can be estimated rather accurately by measuring the amount of water it can hold. The permeability of soil indicates how easily water can move through it. It can be estimated by timing how quickly water flows through it.
3
Hot Springs
A hot spring is 6 C to 9 C warmer than the mean annual air temperature where the spring occurs. There are more than 1000 hot springs in the United States. Temperatures in deep mines and oil wells usually rise rise with an increase in depth at an average of 2 C per 100 meters.
Geysers
An intermittent hot spring or fountain in which a column of water shoots up with great force at various intervals. Geysers often shoot up columns of water 30 to 60 meters. The most famous is Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park.
4
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"Water beneath the surface"
An informational text about different geological features and processes, such as the zone of aeration, hot springs, wells, caverns, and karst technology.
(16 pages)
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