Conduction

when heat or electricity transfers through a substance that has a difference in temperature; has to touch; has to have molecules

Convection

a circular path of heat transfer which causes hotter temperatures to rise and cooler temperatures to sink; not touching 

Radiation

the release of energy from one object into the air around it; though space; different wave lengths; hot-short; cool-longer; electromagnetic waves  

Albedo

the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon

Clouds have a very high albedo so they reflect 95% of the light they receive

Land reflects about 5% of light due to low albedo

Open water reflects less heat that an iceberg; about 20%

Because of its high albedo, an iceberg reflects a majority of the heat; about as much as clouds

Mountains have a high albedo so it reflects a lot of the heat that reaches it because of the snow caps that are on it. The heat and light gets reflected off of the white snow so it keeps the temperature lower as you get higher up on the mountain towards the peak

Valleys typically have a higher temperature than other places on earth because there is no where for the heat to go. It is trapped. Valley are sort of like urban heat islands. There is just no green space or significant amount of albedo to reflect heat and cool it off. So it continues to rise in temperature. Example: Death Valley

Deserts have a low albedo so it is usually at higher temperatures throughout the day, and extremely low temperatures at night. Light gets absorbed in the desert and then since its an open area, at night there is nothing to form or collect heat so it is brutally cold.