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Conduction

Conduction is the transfer of heat through matter by molecular 

activity.

The ability of substances to conduct heat varies greatly but 

Metals are good conductors.

Conduction is important only between Earth's surface and the air 

directly in contact with the surface. But conduction is the least 

important mechanism of heat transfer.

Example: A metal spoon that was left in a hot pan.

Example: Receiving a burn because you touched a hot 

stove.

Convection

Convection is the transfer of heat by mass movement or 

circulation within a substance.

It takes place in fluids, like the ocean and air, where atoms and 

molecules are free to move about and convection also takes place 

in solids such as Earth's mantle.

Convection is one of the three ways to examine a different type of 

heat transfer.

Example: Boiling water on a stove in which the water molecules 

circulate.

Example: Currents coming from hot air rising and cool air 

sinking.

Radiation

Radiation travels out in all directions from its source. Unlike 

conduction and convection, radiant energy can travel through the 

vacuum of space.

All objects, at any temperature, emit radiant energy. Hotter 

objects radiate more total energy per unit area than colder objects 

do.

All of the radiation which comes from the Sun and lands on Earth 

is also known as solar energy.

Example: When heat waves are hitting you while you are at the 

beach.

Example: When you are on stage, and the heat of the spotlight 

hits you.

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