A form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

Today's absolute monarchies include: Saudi Arabia, Vatican City, Brunei

Absolute Monarchy

Beccaria believed in fair trial and no cruel punishment.

His theory on criminal justice was served by three tenets as the basis:

1. Free will
2. Rational Manner
3. Manipulability.

He published influential essay, "On Crimes and Punishments," anonymously fearing punishment but it was publicly endorsed.

Thousand of miles away John Adams and Thomas Jefferson quoted it and he then published it crediting himself the author.

Beccaria

We still use it today.; a fair and honest court system today is designed to have cases and evidence overlooked in a calm and rational manner then the judge gives an unbiased opinion.

Beccaria

Copernicus was the man who proposed that the sun was the center of the universe, also known as; The Heliocentric Theory.

During the time, the Church believed the Earth was the center of the universe and would've punished Copernicus. But he has died before they could jail or punish him.

Copernicus

An execution technique where an individual would be dragged by a horse, removed of the internal organs, and finally beheaded and chopped.

Punishments nowadays include jail time and rare executions.

Drawing, Hanging and Quartering

Edward Jenner was the maker of the first ever vaccine: the smallpox vaccine.

It was later on eradicated but two samples remain in the US and Russia.

Edward Jenner

The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France 

The French Revolution of 1789 had a momentous impact on neighboring countries. French invasion removed the legal and economic barriers that had protected the nobility, clergy, guilds, and urban oligarchies and established the principle of equality before the law.

French Revolution

Galileo believed in the Heliocentric theory; the Sun is the center of our universe. He was put under house arrest until his death because the Church had accepted the Geocentric theory.

It was later on proved by Nicolaus Copernicus that the geocentric theory was wrong.

Galileo

The Heliocentric theory was made by Nicolaus Copernicus and is what everyone believes in. It's how astronauts explore space now find new galaxies, stars etc.

Heliocentric Theory

As people began to turn away from the church and royalty for guidance, they looked to themselves instead. The philosophes encouraged people to use their own ability to reason in order to judge what was right or wrong. They also emphasized the importance of the individual in society.

Importance of the Individual

He was a writer and political theorist whose treatises and novels strongly influenced the French Revolution and the development of Liberal, Conservative and Socialist theory.

Rousseau impacted governments around the world with his idea of the social contract and the importance of individual freedoms

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Kepler is German astronomer who discovered three major laws of planetary motion.

The most important contributions that Kepler made to the scientific world were his three laws of planetary motion.

Kepler

He defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch.

His ideas were used in Declaration of Independence.

Lockes

Montesquieu was a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher. He concluded that the best form of government was one in which the legislative, executive, and judicial powers were separate and kept each other in check to prevent any branch from becoming too powerful.

Montesquieu

Montesquieu's Legacy

The Founding Fathers were heavily influenced by French philosopher Charles Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu when drafting the Constitution, most notably in connection with the separation of powers

Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian and physicist who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution.

Newton

Newton's Legacy

Isaac Newton laid the blueprints for his three laws of motion. Newton's wide range of discoveries, from his theories of optics to his groundbreaking work on the laws of motion and gravity, formed the basis for modern physics.