Periods on the Periodic Table

A period is a row of chemical elements and the horizontal row of the periodic table. There are a total of seven periods on the  periodic table where each period begins at the far left. Going across a period, electrons get added to the same number of energy level. All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic orbitals. The number of elements for each period is listed below.

Period 1- has two elements ( hydrogen and helium)

Period 2 and 3-  Has eight elements

Period 4 and 5-  Have 18 elements

Period 6 and 7-  Have 32 elements because when two bottom rows are separated from the rest of the table belong to those periods.

Periods on the Periodic Table Image

The Vertical columns on the periodic table are known as groups or families because of their similar chemical behavior. All the members of a family have an equal  number of valance electrons and homogenous chemical properties in atom to atom bonding. All of the 1A elements have the same number of valance electrons. This is what causes these elements to react in a similar way. There are a total of 18 groups or families in the periodic table. 

Groups/Families in the Periodic Table

Groups/ Families in the Periodic Table Image

The Role of Protons

Protons have a positive charge and are found inside the nucleus. They can interact with negatively charged electrons, and keep them in orbit around the nucleus. The number of protons in an atoms nucleus tells the type of  chemical element .

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The metals are on the right side of the Table of Elements. They are known as ductile, malleable, and conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals are located on the far left of the table and known as brittle and non conductors. Metalloids are in the staircase of metals and non-metals known as semi-conductor, but they are brittle.

Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids Image of Location

Valance Electrons and the role

Valance Electron are the outermost shell electron, that is associated with an atom and can participate in the chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed. Valance electrons determine the reaction of a certain atom depending upon the number of outershell valance electrons. An atom with one or two valance electrons more than a closed shell is highly reactive. The reason is the extra valance electrons are easily removed to form a positive ion.

Valance Electrons Picture/Image

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals are known as group 1 in the periodic table. The chemical and physical properties for Alkali Metals are shiny, soft, and silvery. They are highly reactive and a standard temperature and pressure. 3 elements are Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, and Hydrogen.  A chemical Property is they are all nonmetals. Practical uses for Lithium is used for computer batteries and for laptops. Also Lithium can be used a side effect medicine for cure ness. Potassium are in bananas and the bananas we eat have Potassium. This helps fight off high blood pressure and increase muscle strength for our body. Also Hydrogen is used for H2o which is water.

Alkali Metals Bohr Models

Alkaline Earth Metals are located in group 2 of the periodic table. The elements for Alkaline Earth Metals are calcium, magnesium, beryllium, and radium. Because Alkaline Earth Metals are in group 2, it will have more reactivity than Alkali metals.  A Chemical Property is they are all metals. As the groups increase, reactivity increases. Alkaline Earth Metals react with water to form a strong alkaline hydroxides which should be handled with lot of care. Physical Properties for Alkaline Earth Metals are they are shiny, silvery, low melting points, and low boiling points. Calcium( Element of Alkaline Earth Metals) is used in our daily life for drinking milk. Milk has calcium which makes our bones stronger. Magnesium is used in real life for laptops, batteries, and luggage's. Beryllium is used for electrical satellites and also used as copper. Radium is used for treating cancerous patients.

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals Bohr Model

Boron Group

The Boron Group is in group 13 on the periodic table.  The elements in the Boron Group is Aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. The physical properties for the Boron Group are they have a high melting point and they are silvery white metals. A chemical Property is they are all Metals.  The reactivity is really high because as the numbers go up in the periodic table, the reactivity is more. The boron group has 3 valance electrons.  Aluminum can be used in real life as aluminum foils which are common in today's world. Indium can be used to make mirrors and silver mirrors. Gallium can be used for nuclear medicine tests and temperature thermometers.

Boron Group Bohr Model

Carbon Group

Carbon Group is in group 14 on the periodic table.  The elements for Carbon Group are Carbon, Germanium, Silicon, and flerovium.  The Carbon Group elements are shiny, grayish black, and like crystals. Density is at 20 degrees Celsius. The Carbon Group Chemical Properties are they are Metalloids. The carbon group has 4 valance electrons, but the reactivity is not that high. All of them are solid at room temperature. Germanium is used in real life as transistors and integrated circuits. Carbon is used in real life for 18% of our human body. Silicon is used for house construction such as granite, glass, plastic, and even steel.