What are periods on the periodic table?

What are Groups/Families on the Periodic Table?

The Role of Protons

Metals, Non-Metals, & Metalloids

Valence Electrons & their significance

The Rule of Octets

Chemical Families\

Alkali Metals

Alkali Elements

Alkali Bohr Models

Practical uses of alkali metals

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Alkali Illustrations

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth Elements

Alkaline Earth Bohr Model

Practical Uses of Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkali Earth Illustrations

Transition Metals

Transition Metal Elements

Transition Metal Bohr Model

Practical Uses of Transition Metals

Transition Metal Illustration

Boron Group

Boron Group Elements

Boron Group Bohr Models

Practical uses of Boron Group

Boron Group Illustrations

Carbon Group

Carbon Group Elements

Carbon Group Bohr Models 

Practical Uses of carbon Group

Carbon Group Illustrations

OOxygen Group

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Oxygen Group Elements

Oxygen Group Bohr Models

Practical Uses of Oxygen Group

Oxygen Group Illustrations

Nitrogen Group

Nitrogen Group Elements

Nitrogen Group Bohr Models

Practical Uses of Nitrogen Group

Nitrogen Group Illustrations

Halogen Group

Halogen Group Elements

Halogen Group Bohr Models

Practical uses of Halogen Group

Halogen Group Illustrations

Noble Gasses

Noble gasses elements

Noble gasses Bohr model

Practical uses of Noble Gasses

Noble gasses illustrations

Conclusion

Table of Contents

What Are Periods on a Periodic Table?

Have you ever realized that the Periodic Table has the word "periods" in it. Periods are the horizontal row on the periodic table. These represent the amount of energy shells an element has. For example Hydrogen is in period 1 so it has 1 energy shell. On the periodic table there are 7 periods. So that means the elements on the 7th period have 7 energy shells.

What Are Groups/Family on a Periodic Table?

There are a lot of elements on the Periodic Table. Well all of these elements are in something called Groups. Groups are the vertical column on the Periodic Table. On the Periodic Table there are 18 groups. They represent the number of valence electrons an element will have. If there is an element in group 1 then it will have 1 valence electron. Groups are organized by elements that have similar chemical and physical properties. Elements in groups 3-12 don't follow this rule.

The Role of Protons

The protons are the positive charge in an atom. They are located in nucleus of an atom. But the number of protons are also located on the Periodic Table. On the periodic table, every element has a number above it. That number is the number of protons. Protons are also the atomic number of an element. The periodic Table is organized by the number of protons, but the number of valence electrons also comes into account. Protons also determine the  physical properties of an element.

Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids

Metals are shiny, ductile, good conductors, mostly solids, and malleable.Metals are located to the left of the metalloid staircase. Metals in group 1 are the most reactive metals. Non- Metals are the exact opposite of metals. They are dull, insulators, non malleable, brittle and they are mostly gasses. Non-metals are located to the right of the metalloid staircase. Metalloids are semi-conductors and have a mix of metal and non-metal properties. The staircase on the periodic table is where the metalloids are located.

Valence Electrons & Their Significance

Valence Electrons are the electrons that are on the outer shell of an atom. Valence electrons are responsible for determining reactivity. In order to determine the number of valence electrons you look at the period number. So an element in group 2 would have 2 valence electrons, but elements in group 13 and above don't have 13 or 14 valence electrons, instead you take the digit in the ones place. That number is how many valence electrons those elements have. Groups 3-12 don't follow this rule.

Rule of Octets

The rule of Octets states that the first shell can hold 2 electrons and the second and third can hold 8. It also states the rule of empty and full. This means if an electron has 2 on the first shell and 8 on the others then it is full, but if the element doesn't have anything on the last shell then it is empty. In order to satisfy this rule elements form chemical compounds. For example if sodium has one valence electron to give away and chlorine wants to receive one then they will form a chemical substances known as sodium chloride.

Alkali Metals

Group 1 on the periodic table are made up of alkali metals. Alkali metals are the most reactive metals on the periodic table. This is because they only have one valence electrons.Some physical properties are that they are shiny, smooth, have a low density, and low melting and boiling points. Some chemical properties are that Alkali metals are highly reactive. They can react with many non-metals specifically group 17, as well as water. The Alkali Metals are Lithium,Sodium,Potassium,Rubidium,Cesium,and Francium.

ALKALI ELEMENTS

Alkali Bohr Models

Practical Uses of Alkali Metals 

Lithium is used in many objects like batteries, ceramics and lubricants. We use batteries in everyday life to charge flashlights, keyboards, and even our phones! Sodium is used for medicine and agricultural uses. We use it in everyday life by using toothpaste (sodium) to brush our teeth. Potassium is used in glass. Everyday when you wash your hands you rubbing your hands with(soap) potassium. Rubidium is used in catalyst and photocells. It is mainly used for the purpose of lab experiments. Cerium is mainly used to remove gases that are stuck in the vacuum tube.  Everyday you vacuum you are using it.

Alkali Illustrations

Alkali Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals are found in group 2 of the periodic table. Some physical properties of the Alkaline Earth Metals are that they are shiny, silvery-white, and they have similar melting and boiling points. One chemical property that all the elements have in common is reactivity. The number of valence electrons is the same, but the amount of energy shells that they have are different. The elements in the Alkaline Earth Metal group are magnesium, beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium.

Alkali Earth Elements

Alkali Earth Bohr Models

Spacecrafts, missiles, and other aircrafts are made with Beryllium. Astronauts use it in everyday life when they fly to outer-space. Magnesium is used in airplanes and missiles. We use everyday when we fly on a plane to get to a destination. Calcium is in bones and shells, and it helps sustain and support life. It is our life source,everytime you drink milk  you are drinking calcium. Strontium is used in flares and crimson color. We use it in everyday life important events by setting off fireworks. Barium is used in medical applications. In everyday life, it means that it is often used in medicine.

Practical Uses of Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkali Earth Illustrations

Transition Metals

Transition metals are the metals found between group 3 to group 12. Some of the transition metals are, titanium, iron, nickel, chromium, gold, and molybdenum. Some physical properties that all the elements have in common are that they are all conductors of electricity, they are high in density, and they have high melting and boiling points. One chemical property that I noticed is that all the elements share metallic bonding. They have similar electron configurations. 

Transition Metal Elements

Transition Metal Bohr Model

Titanium is used in paper, rubber, and paint. We use in our everyday life when we paint, and we also use rubber to erase our work. Vanadium is used in catalyst and dye. Everytime you get your hair dyed you are using Vanadium. Chromium is used in stainless steel. We usually get stainless steel water bottles, so everyday when you drink water there is chromium. Iron is used in hemoglobin and steel. Whenever you are cooking there is iron from iron pot.. Nickel is used in metal alloys. We use it in everyday life when we pay for our groceries.

Practical Uses of Transition metals

Transition Metal Illustrations

Boron Group

The Boron family is group 13 of the periodic table.The physical properties of the Boron family are that they are soft, good conductors of heat and electricity, and are relatively high in temperatures. The chemical properties of the Boron family are that they are relatively reactive at a moderate temperature. Some elements in the Boron family are boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. 

Boron group Elements

Boron Group Bohr Models

Boron is used in heat resistant alloys. It helps a lot with physical weaknesses and disabilities in everyday life. It is kind of like a medicine. Aluminum is used in soda cans and airplanes. Whenever you drink soda you are touching aluminum. Gallium is used in semiconductor production. While on your phone you are using gallium.Indium is used for coating of high-speed bearings. It is used in everyday life to bear resistance in aircrafts (which makes us safe). Thallium is used in rat and ant poisons and it helps detect harmful radiation outposts. We use it in everyday life when we take pictures because it is located in camera lenses.

Practical Uses of Boron Group

Boron Group Illustrations

Carbon Group

The Carbon family is in group 14 of the periodic table. Some of the physical properties of the carbon family are that they are stable and they increase in atomic mass as they go down the group. One chemical property of the carbon family is that they are fairly unreactive. The elements in the carbon group are carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium.  

Carbon Group Elements

Carbon Group Bohr Models

Practical Uses of Carbon Group

Carbon is used in steel and filters.  We use it in everyday life when we breathe out carbon dioxide. Silicon is used in glass and semiconductors. We use it in everyday life in solar panels. Germanium is used in semiconductors. We use it in everyday life for laboratory purposes, and even though it is a chemical, some people use it as medicine for serious heart problems. Tin is used for coating steel cans. We use it in everyday life when we use food containers because it is often plated with steel cans. Lead is used for shielding against radiation and batteries. We use it in everyday life when we write because pencils have led in it.