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There are 4 layers of the Earth. There is the crust, the 

mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. The crust 

floats on the mantle, the mantle sits on the outer 

core, and the outer core sits on the inner core.

Have you ever wondered about how the 

continents move? This is called continental 

drift. The continents have moved from their 

original position, called Pangea, to where they 

are today.

The continents have been moving about 4 

centimeters a year, since the beginning of time. 

Eventually, the continents will come back to 

their original position in pangea. Pangea was a 

super continent, where all the continents were 

combined.

Have you ever wondered what the difference 

between a rock and a mineral is? Well, a rock is 

a mixture of minerals, and other materials. 

While a mineral is an inorganic, naturally 

forming solid, with a crystal structure, and a 

definite chemical makeup.

Do you know how to identify a mineral? A 

mineral can be identified by 7 basic properties. 

These are: color, luster, streak, density, 

hardness, cleavage/fracture, and special 

features. 

There are 3 major types of rock. Igneous rock 

[made of cooled magma], metamorphic rock [a 

changed form of rock], and sedimentary rock 

[made of compacted sediments]. Sedimentary 

rock contains almost all fossils.

Have you ever thought about why the Earth's 

crust floats on the mantle? Well, this is because 

of differences of temperature and pressure in 

the Earth. Higher temperature means liquid 

rock, lower temperature means solid rock.

Did you know that there are different types of 

plate boundaries? Transform boundaries slide 

past each other, convergent boundaries collide, 

and divergent boundaries separate. When the 

boundaries move, earth-quakes and tsunamis 

are caused. 

Have you ever wondered what plate tectonics 

is? Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's 

crust is divided into several plates, that float 

around. This is caused by heat in the Earth, 

which keeps the mantle at a liquid state, and 

lets the plates float.

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