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©2010 StoryJumper, Inc. All rights reserved.
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I. Nervous System Introduction
Neurons
Neurotransmitters
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
II. The Brain
Parts of the Brain
Lobes of the Brain
III. The Endocrine System
Major Glands
IV. Disorders Introduction
Nervous System Disorder
Brain Disorder
Endocrine System Disorder
The nervous system is an organ system containing a
network of specialized cells called neurons that
coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit
signals between different parts of its body. In most
animals the nervous system consists of two parts,
central and peripheral. The central nervous system of
vertebrates (such as humans) contains the brain,
spinal cord, and retina. The peripheral nervous
system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of
neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them
to each other and to the central nervous system.
These regions are all interconnected by means of
complex neural pathways. The enteric nervous
system, a subsystem of the peripheral nervous
system, has the capacity, even when severed from
the rest of the nervous system through its primary
connection by the vagus nerve, to function
independently in controlling the gastrointestinal
system.
A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that
processes and transmits information by electrical
and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs
via synapses, specialized connections with other
cells. Neurons connect to each other to form
networks. Neurons are the core components of the
nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal
cord, and peripheral ganglia. A number of
specialized types of neurons exist: sensory
neurons respond to touch, sound, light and
numerous other stimuli affecting cells of the
sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal
cord and brain. Motor neurons receive signals from
the brain and spinal cord, cause muscle
contractions, and affect glands. Interneurons
connect neurons to other neurons within the same
region of the brain or spinal cord.
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that
transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a
synapse.[1] Neurotransmitters are packaged into
synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on
the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released
into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to receptors in
the membrane on the postsynaptic side of the
synapse. Release of neurotransmitters usually follows
arrival of an action potential at the synapse, but may
also follow graded electrical potentials. Low level
"baseline" release also occurs without electrical
stimulation. Neurotransmitters are synthesized from
plentiful and simple precursors, such as amino acids,
which are readily available from the diet and which
require only a small number of biosynthetic steps to
convert.
The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory
neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and
nerves connecting them to each other and to the
central nervous system.
The central nervous system of vertebrates (such as
humans) contains the brain, spinal cord, and
retina.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and
most invertebrate animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish
and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain,
while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain
is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary
sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell.
The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and
hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and
hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain consists of the
tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum,
pons and medulla. Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred
to together as the brainstem.
The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain and is associated
with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive
language. At the back of the frontal lobe, near the central sulcus,
lies the motor cortex. This area of the brain receives information
from various lobes of the brain and utilizes this information to carry
out body movements.
The parietal lobe is located in the middle section of the brain and is
associated with processing tactile sensory information such as
pressure, touch, and pain. A portion of the brain known as the
somatosensory cortex is located in this lobe and is essential to the
processing of the body's senses.
The temporal lobe is located on the bottom section of the brain.
This lobe is also the location of the primary auditory cortex, which
is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear. The
hippocampus is also located in the temporal lobe, which is why this
portion of the brain is also heavily associated with the formation of
memories.
The occipital lobe is located at the back portion of the brain and is
associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information. The
primary visual cortex, which receives and interprets information
from the retinas of the eyes, is located in the occipital lobe.
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This book was created and published on StoryJumper™
©2010 StoryJumper, Inc. All rights reserved.
Publish your own children's book:
www.storyjumper.com
I. Nervous System Introduction
Neurons
Neurotransmitters
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
II. The Brain
Parts of the Brain
Lobes of the Brain
III. The Endocrine System
Major Glands
IV. Disorders Introduction
Nervous System Disorder
Brain Disorder
Endocrine System Disorder
The nervous system is an organ system containing a
network of specialized cells called neurons that
coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit
signals between different parts of its body. In most
animals the nervous system consists of two parts,
central and peripheral. The central nervous system of
vertebrates (such as humans) contains the brain,
spinal cord, and retina. The peripheral nervous
system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of
neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them
to each other and to the central nervous system.
These regions are all interconnected by means of
complex neural pathways. The enteric nervous
system, a subsystem of the peripheral nervous
system, has the capacity, even when severed from
the rest of the nervous system through its primary
connection by the vagus nerve, to function
independently in controlling the gastrointestinal
system.
A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that
processes and transmits information by electrical
and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs
via synapses, specialized connections with other
cells. Neurons connect to each other to form
networks. Neurons are the core components of the
nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal
cord, and peripheral ganglia. A number of
specialized types of neurons exist: sensory
neurons respond to touch, sound, light and
numerous other stimuli affecting cells of the
sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal
cord and brain. Motor neurons receive signals from
the brain and spinal cord, cause muscle
contractions, and affect glands. Interneurons
connect neurons to other neurons within the same
region of the brain or spinal cord.
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