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John Adams

John Adams was an American lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. He served as the second President of the United States, the first Vice President, and as a Founding Father was a leader of American independence from Great Britain

Stamp Act

The Stamp Act is approved by Parliament. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed.

The money collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains.

Stamp Act Facts

1. Currently in the UK a transfer tax derived from the stamp duty, “stamp duty land tax” (SDLT) taxes land transactions. “Stamp duty reserve tax” (SDRT) taxes transfer of shares and other securities.

2. The Stamp Act differed from the Sugar Act in that it was intended to collect an “internal tax” and not a trade tax.

3. The tax was payable in gold and silver only and not in paper money as was the common method of payment in the colonies.

Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris was signed by the three American negotiators, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay, and David Hartley, representing King George III. The treaty was signed at the historical Hotel d’York in Paris. The Treaty of Paris was ratified by the American Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784 and by British Parliament on April 9, 1784.

The Treaty of Paris formally ended the American War of Independence and recognized Great Britain’s former thirteen colonies as free and independent states, acknowledging the existence of the United States as a sovereign country. The American Independence War became a world conflict where France, Spain and the Netherlands were formally involved. Britain signed separate peace agreements with each of the counties.

Treaty of Paris Facts

1. Signed by U.S. and British Representatives on September 3, 1783, ending the Revolutionary War.

2. Was one of a series of treaties collectively know as the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of Versailles of 1783, which also established peace between Great Britain and the allied nations of France, Spain, and the Netherlands.

3. In the aftermath, parts of the treaty were not honored by both nations. The Americans did not honor the section about not confiscating loyalist property. The British did not return former American slaves and they also did not remove their troops from frontier forts on the United States side of the border until after the Jay Treaty.

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. He was elected the second Vice President of the United States, serving under John Adams and in 1800 was elected the third President.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Second Continental Congress, states the reasons the British colonies of North America sought independence in July of 1776.

The declaration opens with a preamble describing the document's necessity in explaining why the colonies have overthrown their ruler and chosen to take their place as a separate nation in the world.

Declaration of Independence Facts

1. After Jefferson wrote his first draft of the Declaration, the other members of the Declaration committee and the Continental Congress made 86 changes to Jefferson’s draft, including shortening the overall length by more than a fourth.

2. When writing the first draft of the Declaration, Jefferson primarily drew upon two sources: his own draft of a preamble to the Virginia Constitution and George Mason’s draft of Virginia’s Declaration of Rights.

3. On December 13, 1952, the Declaration of Independence (along with the Constitution and Bill of Rights) was formally delivered to the National Archives in Washington, D.C., where it has remained since then.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses was an assembly of elected representative from Virginia that met from 1643 to 1776. This democratically elected legislative body was the first of its kind in English North America. From 1619 untill 1643, elected burgesses met in unicameral session with the governor and the royally appointed governor's Councill; after 1643, the burgesses met separately as the lower house of the General Assembly of Virginia. Each county sent two burgesses to the House; towns could petition to send a single representative, as Jamestown, Williamsburg and Norfolk did. Most burgesses were also members of the gentry class, though the colonists they represented were usually small land-owners and tenant farmers.

In 1774, when the House of Burgessses began to support resistance to the Crown, Virginia's royal governor, John Murray, earl of Dunmore, dissolved it. The Virginia Constitution of 1776 creates a new General Assembly that replaced the governor's Council with an elected Senate and the House of Burgesses with an elected House of Delegates. The House of Burgesses is notable, however, for being the training ground of many of America's Founding Fathers, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry.

John Marshall

John Marshallwas the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800.

The Federalist Party

The Federalist Party originated in opposition to the Democratic-Republican Party in America during President George Washington’s first administration. Known for their support of a strong national government, the Federalists emphasized commercial and diplomatic harmony with Britain following the signing of the 1794 Jay Treaty. The party split over negotiations with France during President John Adams’s administration, though it remained a political force until its members passed into the Democratic and the Whig parties in the 1820s. Despite its dissolution, the party made a lasting impact by laying the foundations of a national economy, creating a national judicial system and formulating principles of foreign policy.

The Federalist Party Facts

1. The Federalist Party was formed in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton to support his fiscal policies as Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington. Members of the party were generally committed to a fiscally sound and nationalistic government and promoted the system of checks and balances laid out in the US Constitution for the three branches of government. Besides Hamilton, the Federalist party's early leaders included John Jay, James Madison, and George Washington, and support came from the established elites of old wealth in the commercial cities and in the less rapidly developing rural regions.

2. Federalists believed that the Constitution should be loosely interpreted to build up federal power, and called for a national bank, tariffs, and good relations with Britain. Accordingly, Hamilton proposed tax increases and the establishment of a national bank while he was Secretary, and was the chief architect of the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794. The Federalists also tried to silence their domestic critics with the anti-immigration Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), a series of repressive laws that cost the party much of its support and sparked the creation of the opposition Democratic-Republican Party under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

3. The Federalist Party dominated the national government until 1801 when they were largely supplanted by Democratic-Republicans in every election thereafter. They recovered some strength through their intense opposition to the War of 1812, but practically vanished during the Era of Good Feelings that followed the end of the war in 1815. During their existence, the Federalists were only able to send one candidate - John Adams - to the presidency.

Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the United States is the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States, implemented in 1789; under the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Court was to be composed of six members—though the number of justices has been nine for almost all of its history, this number is set by Congress, not the Constitution. The court convened for the first time on February 2, 1790

Supreme Court Facts

1. With few exceptions, the life of a U.S. Supreme Court Case begins when a lower court case ends, since the Supreme Court is primarily a court of appeals. The losing party in a lower court case must request entry onto the court’s calendar. The justices then decide whether to hear the case, the crucial factor being whether the case can shed new light on an issue of Constitutional law. The Court hears about 80 of the 7,000-8,000 cases that compete for a spot on the court's calendar each year.

2. Once the court agrees to hear the case, lawyers from each side must submit written arguments. Each justice will typically choose a clerk to review the arguments and prepare a memo, outlining the issues the case presents. The lawyers for each side are told the date of their oral arguments. Shortly before oral arguments, justices review the memos, so they can anticipate each party’s argument, and the theories behind their reasoning.

3. Each party has one half hour for their oral arguments, including questions from the justices. The justices are seated in order of seniority, with the Chief Justice seated in the center. The next senior justice sits to his right. The next senior justice sits to the Chief Justice’s left, and so on, in alternating order. Justices often question the lawyers as their arguments proceed.

James Madison

James Madison was an American politician who became the fourth President of the United States. He was hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" and, along with Thomas Jefferson, formed the Democratic-Republican Party

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John Adams

Stamp Act

The money collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains.

Stamp Act Facts

2. The Stamp Act differed from the Sugar Act in that it was intended to collect an “internal tax” and not a trade tax.

3. The tax was payable in gold and silver only and not in paper money as was the common method of payment in the colonies.

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"INDIVIDUALS OF A NEW REPUBLIC"

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This is a historical account of various American figures and events, including John Adams, the Stamp Act, Treaty of Paris, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Virginia House of Burgesses, John Marshall, The Federalist Party, Supreme Court, James Madison, Andrew Jackson, War of 1812, Battle of New Orleans, and Manifest Destiny.

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