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The smallest particle on Earth is an 

atom. They are not visible to the 

human eye. Atoms are the units that 

define the chemical elements and 

their isotopes. All matter is made up of 

atoms. The structure of an atom is 

that the nucleus is in the center and 

the electrons surround it. The nucleus 

is   the positively charged portion of 

the atom and it contains protons and 

neutrons. Neutrons have no charge. 

Electrons have a negative charge. 

Normally, the positively charged 

nucleus cancels out the negative 

electrons to get a net charge of zero. 

An isotope, however; has an uneven 

amount of protons and electrons 

which causes it to have a charge. This 

is due to the atom having an electron 

removed from or added to the outer 

shell. 

Atoms are the pieces that form elements. Some elements are carbon, 

argon, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, 

mercury, nickle, aluminum and fluorine. Each element has an 

atomic number and can be found on the Periodic Table. Elements can be 

put into groups such as Alkaline metal. The Periodic Table is organized 

by groups (or vertical column) and by the horizontal rows that go across 

(or period). Elements can form a compound such as H20. Compounds 

can be by covalent bonds or by a chemical bond. Chemical bonds refer 

to the force of attraction between more than one atom or ion. 

Nuclear fission is when the 

nucleus of an atom splits into two 

or more smaller nuclei as fusion 

products. There are also by 

products of this, such as gamma 

rays and alpha rays. The nuclear 

fission produces energy for nuclear 

power. Heavy elements   that go 

through nuclear fission experience 

a exothermic reaction (release of 

heat energy). A chain reaction is 

when the initial fission produces 

additional fission.

Nuclear fusion is opposite 

nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion is 

when the nucleus of two or more 

light atoms make up a big nucleus. 

In this case mass is converted into 

energy.  

The atom might be a fundamental 

particle, but cells are the fundamental 

building blocks of life. Cells can form a  

microorganism like bacteria, or a 

bigger organism such as an animal or 

human. Plant cells go through the 

process of photosynthesis to make 

food. Fungi will absorb or decompose 

an object's nutrient content to use as 

food. Animals will find their own food. 

They get energy by through the 

consumption of plants and other 

animals. Animal cells go through a 

process that has the reverse formula 

of photosynthesis, called cellular 

respiration. In cellular respiration there 

is a removal of carbon dioxide and 

energy is made for the cell. This energy 

is transmitted to the different 

organelles in the cell so they can do their 

specific job. 

One important aspect of 

cells is that they have the 

ability to grow and divide. 

Mitosis is one form of cell 

division for eukaryotes 

cells. Prior to mitosis there 

is one cells and after there 

are two identical daughter 

cells. 

In prokaryotes the 

equivalence to mitosis is 

binary fission. In binary 

fission genetic material is 

split into two equal cells. 

Animals have a skeleton so 

they do not need their cells to 

be rigid. Plants have a cell wall 

to maintain their shape. Cells 

have a selectively permeable 

membrane called the plasma 

membrane. The plasma 

membrane can eject waste 

through any small pore. It also 

makes sure that the organelles 

are confined inside. Other 

particles can diffuse across into 

and out of the cell. Diffusion can 

help create equilibrium by 

balancing the level of different 

particles and their charge. Cells 

might be "invisible" to us, but 

they make up everything living 

around us, including ourselves. 

We 

have 

orga

nism

s, 

popul

ation

s, 

com

muni

ties, 

ecosy

stem

s and 

biosp

heres

. On 

Earth 

the 

bios

pher

e is 

the 

space 

near 

the 

surf

ace 

that 

supp

orts 

living 

orga

nism

s. It 

is 

made 

up of 

three 

comp

onent

s. 

The 

first 

com

pone

nt or 

subd

ivisi

on is 

the 

litho

sphe

re or 

layer 

inclu

ding 

soil, 

rock, 

and 

solid 

matt

er. 

The 

next 

is the 

atm

osph

ere 

or 

the 

surro

undin

g thin 

gase

ous 

layer. 

Then 

is the 

hydro

spher

e, or 

layer 

of 

liqui

d 

envir

onm

ent 

such 

as 

lakes 

and 

ocea

ns 

that 

lay 

betw

een 

the 

other 

parts 

of 

the 

biosp

here. 

The 

biosp

here 

inclu

des 

biolo

gical 

aspec

ts as 

well 

as 

chem

ical 

and 

physi

cal. 

(95)

We have organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems 

and biospheres. On Earth the biosphere is the space near the 

surface that supports living organisms. It is made up of three 

components. The first component or subdivision is the 

lithosphere or layer including soil, rock, and solid matter. 

The next is the atmosphere or the surrounding thin gaseous 

layer. Then is the hydrosphere, or layer of liquid 

environment such as lakes and oceans that lay between the 

other parts of the biosphere. The biosphere includes 

biological aspects as well as chemical and physical. 

Organisms that inhabit the biosphere learn to live under 

certain environmental conditions such as temperature 

(temperature can be taken by a thermometer with degree 

Celsius, Fahrenheit or in Kelvin) and moisture and interact 

with both living and nonliving things. The decrease of carbon 

dioxide. The decrease in carbon dioxide shows that 

photosynthesis is working faster. The carbon from the 

atmosphere's carbon dioxide is now stored in fossil fuels. The 

high concentration of carbon dioxide can be linked to global 

warming. Too much exposure to and having a high level of 

carbon dioxide, nitrogen and phosphorous can effect the 

livelihood of living organisms. Organisms thrive in conditions 

that their needs are being met, which comes from an array of 

factors. As conditions change organisms need to be active in 

their adjustment to climate changes. 

 The atmosphere is a 

subdivision of the 

biosphere, but it is also 

layered. The lowest 

layer pf the atom is the 

troposphere, or the 

area that we live in. It 

is the site where all 

weather occurs. It is 

wider at the equator 

than at the poles. 

Temperature and water 

vapor decrease with 

altitude. Water vapor 

absorbs solar energy 

and thermal radiation 

from the surface of the 

planet and therefore 

plays an important role 

in regulating 

temperature.

The water cycle is the 

exchange or 

movement of water 

between the Earth and 

it's atmosphere. Smog 

can happen when 

there is an 

accumulation of 

pollution close to the 

surface and beneath 

the inversion layer. 

Horizontal heat 

transfer happened 

through advection,  

and convection is the 

vertical transport of 

heat in the 

troposphere. 

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